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\ 1 




HON. JOHN C. LINEHAN. 



THE 

IRISH SCOTS 



'SCOTCH-IRISH" 



AN HISTORICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL MONOGRAPH, 

WITH SOME REFERENCE TO 

SCOTIA MAJOR AND SCOTIA MINOR 



TO WHICH IS ADDED A CHAPTER ON 

"HOW THE IRISH CAME AS BUILDERS OF THE NATION' 



By Hon. JOHN C LINEHAN 

State Insurance Commissioner of New Hampshire. Member, the New Hampshire Historical 

Society. Treasurer-General, American-Irish Historical Society. Late Department 

Commander, New Hampshire, Grand Army of the Republic. Many 

Years a Director of the Gettysburg Battlefield Association. 



CONCORD, N. H. 
THE AMERICAN-IRISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
190?,, , , ,,, 



A WORD AT THE START. 



This monograph on TJic Irish Scots and The "■ Scotch- 
Irish" was originally prepared by me for The Granite 
Monthly, of Concord, N. H. It was published in that 
magazine in three successiv'e instalments which appeared, 
respectively, in the issues of January, February and 
March, 1888. With the exception of a few minor changes, 
the monograph is now reproduced as originally written. 

The paper here presented on How the Irish Came as 
Builders of The Natioji is based on articles contributed 
by me to the Boston Pilot in 1 890, and at other periods, 
and on an article contributed by me to the Boston Sunday 
Globe oi March 17, 1895. 

The Supplementary Facts and Comment, forming the 
conclusion of this publication, will be found of special 
interest and value in connection with the preceding sections 
of the work. 

John C. Linehan. 

Concord, N. H., July i, 1902. 






THE IRISH SCOTS AND THE "SCOTCH- 
IRISH." 



A STUDY of peculiar interest to all of New Hampshire 
birth and origin is the early history of those people, 
who, differing from the settlers around them, were first 
called Irish by their English neighbors, "Scotch-Irish" by 
some of their descendants, and later on "Scotch" by 
writers like Mr. Morrison of Windham, N. H. 

According to the latter, "The ignorance of other classes 
in relation to them and their history was unbounded." 
" They were called Irish, when not a drop of Irish blood 
flowed in their veins." " They were of Scotch blood, pure 
and simple; the blood of Erin did not flow commingled in 
the veins of the hardy exiles, who, one hundred and sixty 
and more years ago, struck for a settlement and a home in 
this wmtry land." "Then let every descendant of the 
first settlers distinctly remember that his ancestors v/ere 
Scotch, that he is of Scotch descent, and that the terms 
'Scotch-Irish' and 'Scotch-English,' so far as they imply a 
different than Scotch origin and descent, are a perversion 
of truth and false to history." 

Many have heard of what the old lady said, "There's 
where St. Paul and I differ," and, like that argumentative, 
kindly old soul, there is where Mr. Morrison and history 
differ. The American of PInglish origin, who is fortunate 
in tracing his lineage to the Mayflower and Plymouth 
Rock, is not content to stop there. He goes back to 
Britain, and even then is not satisfied until he goes to the 



cradle of his race in Germany, the home of the Saxon; so 
would the true Scot go back to the Highlands, and from 
thence across to the home of his race, Ireland, the true 
Scotia of history, the source of his language, his customs, 
manners, laws, name and religion. That this is not more 
generally known is not the fault of history but of preju- 
dice, and after all not surprising, for where among modern 
nations can be found a people more vilified and more per- 
secuted, and whose early history has been more misrepre- 
sented or studiously avoided than that of the ancient Irish 
and their descendants? A criticism of the London Times, 
quite recently, on a work on Ireland by a young English 
student, was very severe because the writer went back of 
the Norman invasion, which the Times said was of no 
possible interest to Englishmen. It is not uncommon to 
find occasionally a child ashamed to own its parent, but 
that does not by any means sever the relationship; and 
writers like those mentioned, so proud of their alleged 
Scotch origin, cannot, even if they would, rob Erin of her 
ancient name and appropriate it to themselves without 
giving credit were it is due. As well might the people of 
New England attempt to take to themselves the name, 
fame and glory of the older England and deny it to the 
latter. 

Cochrane*, in his " History of Antrim, N. H.," speaks in 
glowing terms of his Highland ancestors — of their uncon- 
querable, haughty natures, of their bravery to the foe, and 
their kindness to the poor, but repudiates the idea of their 

* It is probable that the name Cochrane derives from O'Corcoran. The O'Corcorans 
were of the Clan Cian of ()rraond (now the County Tipperary) in the Irish Province of 
Munster. The MacCorcorans are also mentioned in Ormond and Desies i Tipperary and 
Waterford as chiefs of the Clan Rooney. An Irish form of O'Corcoran was O'Corcrain. 
The name has been anglicized Corcoran, Coghrane, Cockran, etc. The late Gen. John 
Cochrane, of New York, was a member of the American-Irish Historical Society, and a 
descendant of a patriot officer of the American Revolution. Hon W. Eourke Cockran, the 
distinguished orator, is another representative of the clan. 



Irish origin; but a standard Scotch work, the writers in 
which being on the ground ought to know whereof they 
speak, tells the story as follows (vol. ii, p. 333, Chamber's, 
Encyclopaedia) : " The * Scots ' were the Celtic tribes in 
Scotland, dwelling in the western and more mountainous 
districts north of the Forth and the Clyde, who, when it 
became necessary to distinguish them from the Teutonic 
inhabitants of the low country, received the names of 
the 'Wild Scots,' 'The Irishry of Scotland,' and more 
recently the ' Scotch Highlanders.' " St. Bridget," it also 
mentions, "was held in great reverence in Scotland, and 
was regarded by the Douglasses as their tutelary saint." 
In their respect for St. Patrick *, also, the Scots of the 
Highlands were not a whit behind their kindred in Ire- 
land, as the frequent mention of the name proves. 

In these latter days a new school of writers has sprung 
up, whose pride of ancestry outstrips their knowledge, and 
whose prejudices blind their love of truth. With the 
difference in religion between certain sections of the Irish 
people as a basis, they are bent on creating a new race, 
christening it 'Scotch-Irish,' laboring hard to prove that it 
is a ' brand ' superior to either of the two old types, and 
while clinging to the Scotch root, claim that their ancestors 
were different from the Irish in blood, morals, language 
and religion. This is a question not difficult to settle for 
those who are disposed to treat it honestly, but, as a rule, 
the writers who are the most prolific, as well as the 
speakers who are the most eloquent, know the least about 
the subject, and care less, if they can only succeed in hav- 
ing their theories accepted. The Irish origin of the Scots is 
studiously avoided by nearly all the "Scotch-Irish" writers, 

* Patrick was for a long period a favorite Christian name among the Scottish Highlanders 
and was proudly borne by many of their greatest men. 



or if mentioned at all, is spoken of in a manner which 
leaves the reader to infer that the Scots had made a mis- 
take in selecting their ancestors, and it was the dvity of 
their descendants, so far as it lay in their power, to rectify 
the error. 

There was so much prejudice shown towards the Lon- 
donderry, N. H., settlers by the English of the adjoining 
towns, that Rev. Mr. McGregor, their pastor, according to 
Belknap or Barstow, wrote Governor Shute complaining 
because they were called Irish Catholics when they had 
been loyal to the British Empire and fought against the 
papists ; but it is recorded also that he wrote to the 
French governor of Canada that his people were from 
Ireland, and craved his good graces with the Indians; and 
in this he was more successful than in the former, for 
while the hostility of the English settlers lasted for years, 
the Londonderry people were not molested by the In- 
dians, who made havoc with their neighbors all around 
them. 

St. Donatus, or Donough, Bishop of Fiesole, in the 
seventh century, one of the band of missionaries, whose 
names are found all over the continent of Europe, describes 
his country as follows : 

" Far westward lies an isle of ancient fame, 
By nature blessed, and Scotia is her name 
Enrolled in books, — exhaustless in her store 
Of veiny silver and of golden ore. 
Her fruitful soil forever teems with wealth, 
With gems her waters, and her air with health ; 
Her verdant fields with milk and houey flow. 
Her vk'oolly fleeces vie with virgin snow ; 
Her waving furrows float with bearded corn. 
And arms and arts her envied sons adorn ; 
No savage bear with lawless fury roves. 
Nor ravenous lion through the peaceful groves ; 
No poison there infects, no scaly snake 
Creeps through the grass, nor frog annoys the lake — 
An island worthy of her pious race, 
In war triumphant, and unmatched in peace." 



" Conradus, a Monte Puellarum, who wrote about 1340, 
states that men ilkistrious for sanctity flourished in Ireland, 
which was called Scotia Major; and Grester, Canisius, 
Caesarius, Marianus Scotus, Orosius, Isodorus, and Vener- 
able Bede, with a train of other learned writers, who flour- 
ished from the sixth until the fourteenth century, desig- 
nate Ireland by the appellation of Scotia ; and the 
Breviary of Aberdeen in Scotland shows, beyond all con- 
troversy, that there was a Scotia Minor as well as a Scotia 
Major. In this ancient Breviary it is mentioned that 'St. 
Winnius, born in a province of Scotia from the illustrious 
Neillian monarchs, was by a prosperous and propitious gale 
wafted to Scotia Minor.' " 

Two Scoto-Irish saints, according to Chambers, vol. iv., 
p. 324, "have left their mark on the topography of Ireland 
and Scotland — St. Fillian the Leper and St. FiUian the 
Abbot." The former had a church on Loch Erne in 
Perthshire, Scotland, and another in Ballyheyland, Ireland. 
The latter had a church in Westmeath, Ireland, and in the 
upper part of Glendochyrt, Perthshire, Scotland, which 
takes from him the name of StrathfiUian. St. Fillian's 
well takes its name from the former. A relic of St. 
Fillian the Abbot has been preserved to our time, the 
silver head of his Crosier or pastoral staff now in pos- 
session of a member of the family, Alexander Davar, a 
farmer in Canada, whose ancestors have been the here- 
ditary and legal custodians of the relic since the thirteenth 
century. A full description of it, "the Ouigrich or Crosier 
of St. Fillian," will be found in the proceedings of the 
Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, (Edin., 1861). 

Of the language — Gaelic — Mr. Richard Garnett, one 
of the most learned of English philologists, states, — 



lO 

"That Irish is the parent tongue; that Scottish GaeUc is 
Irish stripped of a few inflections; and that the language 
of the Highlands does not differ in any essential point 
from that of the opposite coast of Leinster or Ulster, bear- 
ing in fact a closer resemblance than low German does to 
high German, or Danish to Swedish." 

Mr. W. F. Skene, one of the best informed of Scottish 
writers on the Gaelic language, although laboring hard to 
find a native origin for it, has to admit that the north of 
Ireland, the Scottish Highlands, and west islands were, at 
an early age, peopled by the same race ; and further ad- 
mits, that from the middle of the twelfth century to 
about the middle of the sixteenth century, Ireland exer- 
cised a powerful literary influence on the Scottish High- 
lands ; that the Irish sennachies and bards were heads 
of a school which included the west Highlands; that 
the Highland sennachies were either of Irish descent, or, 
if they were of native origin, resorted to the schools in 
Ireland for instruction in the language ; that in this way 
the language and literature of the Scottish Highlands 
must have become more .and more assimilated to the lan- 
guage and literature of Ireland ; and that it may well be 
doubted whether, towards the middle of the sixteenth 
century, there existed in the Scottish Highlands the 
means of acquiring the art of writing the language except 
in Ireland, or the conception of a written and cultivated 
literature which was not identified with the language of 
that island." 

The first printed books, from 1567 to 1690, for the use 
of the Scottish Highlanders, were all in the Irish orthog- 
raphy and Irish dialect, — a translation of the Bible in 
1690 being simply a reprint of Bishop Bedel's Irish version 



1 1 

of the same. Here, then, is proof sufficient that from the 
middle of the sixteenth century, back to the dawn of 
modern history, Ireland and Scotland, the mother and 
daughter, were closely connected — one in blood, language, 
and religion. The Reformation brought about a change 
of faith, but that would not transform the blood. 

The Scots from Argylshire, who went to Ireland under 
James the First in i6i2-'20, were the ancestors of the so- 
called "Scotch-Irish" of New Hampshire; and it will be 
hard for writers like Mr. Cochrane or Mr. Morrison to 
prove that " the blood of Erin did not flow commingled in 
their veins," for the writings of Skene and other Scotch- 
men admit the close connection almost down to the depar- 
ture of the Argyle emigrants for Ulster ; and the names 
borne by the greater part of the settlers were those 
peculiar to the Highlands and to Ireland. 

Buckle's " History of Civilization," speaking of Scot- 
land, says: — " It is at this point — the withdrawal of the 
Romans — that we begin to discern the physical and 
geographical peculiarities of Scotland. The Romans 
gradually losing ground, the proximity of Ireland caused 
repeated attacks from that fertile island, whose rich soil 
and great natural advantages gave rise to an exuberant, 
and therefore restless, population. An overflow which in 
civilized times is an emigration, is in barbarous times an 
invasion. Hence the Irish, or Scotti as they were termed, 
established themselves by force of arms in the west of 
Scotland, and came mto collision with the Picts, who 
occupied the eastern part. A deadly struggle ensued, 
which lasted four centuries after the withdrawal of the 
Romans, and plunged the country into the greatest con- 
fusion. At length, in the middle of the ninth century, 



12 

Kenneth McAlpin, king of the Scotti, gained the upper 
hand, and reduced the Picts to complete subjection. The 
country was then united under one rule, and the con- 
querors, slowly absorbing the conquered, gave their name 
to the whole, which in the tenth century received the ap- 
pellation of Scotland." 

Pinkerton, in his "Ancient Lives of Scottish Saints," 
speaking of the Picts, says that " Pictavia is spoken of by 
the chronicles long after the accession of Kenneth Mc- 
Aljjin, and long before Scotia became idenified with 
nortJieru Britain, or ceased to be the ordinary name of 
Ireland.'" Again he writes, — " The Picts, supposed by 
some to be the Caledonians of the Roman writers, when 
first known under that name, occupied the whole territory 
north of the Firth of Forth except the western portion, 
which had been colonized or subdued by the Scots, 
another Celtic nation, whose chief seat was in Ireland, — 
tJie proper and ancient Scotlajuir "The Southern Picts 
were converted to Christianity by St. Ninnian, and the 
Northern Picts by St. Columba," two of the most cele- 
brated of the Irish missionaries of the sixth century. 

Fergus, son of Ere, (Mac Earca) — from whence the 
Fergusons derive their name — the first king of the British 
Scots, was supposed to be a close connection of St. 
Columbkille. For his coronation the stone of destiny (in 
Ireland known as the " Lia Fail," in Scotland " The Stone 
of Scone") was brought to the Highlands from Ireland, 
but not returned according to promise, and for years was 
kept in the church of Scone, where the Scottish sovereigns 
were crowned, down to the time of Edward I., king of 
England, who captured and conveyed it to England, where 
it now forms part of the coronation chair of the sovereigns 



13 

of the United Kingdom in Westminster Abbey. From 
Edward to Victoria every ruler of Britian has been crowned 
on the stone. Even Cromwell, the Puritan, too democratic 
to go into the abbey, had the chair brought out into the 
hall, and on it took the oath of office as "Lord Protector" 
of England. 

Of the absurdity of the statement that the blood of any 
nation is pure, "free from commingling," a writer in 
Chambers, vol. xi, p. 382, says, — "It is unreasonable to 
suppose that the Anglo-Saxon invaders exterminated the 
native Celtic population (of Britain), or even drove more 
than a tithe of them into the Highlands. The mass un- 
doubtedly remained as subject serfs, learned the language 
and customs of their masters, and gradually amalgamated 
with them, so that perhaps, in point of blood, the English 
are as much Celtic as Teutonic." 

The invasion of England later by the Norman French 
proves the theory of this writer. The Saxons were en- 
slaved by their masters, and in time amalgamated with 
them, so that to-day the language as well as the blood 
shows the mixture. In fact, there are more French than 
Saxon words in the former ; and writers of Alfred's period 
would esteem themselves, in the England of to-day^ so far 
as the mother tongue is concerned, strangers in a strange 
land. 

Green, in his w^ork, " The Making of England," a most 
adm.irable book, confines himself to the period between the 
landing of Henghist and Horsa, in 449, to the union of all 
England under Alfred, about 850. From the Angles, 
Saxons, Danes, and Jutes, mixed with a remnant of the 
ancient Britons, and from the Norman French, who in- 
vaded England in 1040 under William the Conqueror, are 



14 

descended the English people. The language, on account 
of the mixture of races, is to-day, according to Max Muller, 
the most composite of any spoken on the globe, the 
number of words in Webster's and standard English dic- 
tionaries derived from the Latin or French being in the 
proportion of two to one from the Saxon. 

Now the man who is to write the " Making of Scot- 
land," following the plan of Green, will find, according to 
the testimony of that writer, who derived his knowledge 
from Gildas, the last British historian, and from various 
other authorities whom he quotes, that the coast of Britain, 
under the Roman power, was continually raided by the 
Scots of Ireland; that they had established colonies on 
various points, north and south ; that between the second 
and third centuries the kingdom of Dalriada was founded 
by them in what was then called Caledonia: that in com- 
pany with the Picts, the aborigines of Scotland, they used 
to pour down on the Romans from the Highlands ; that to 
keep them out the Emperor Severus built the great 
Roman wall ; that on the decline of the Roman power, and 
after being driven out of Dalriada, the Scots again passed 
over from Ireland, under Fergus, son of Ere, who was 
crowned first king of the British Scots in 503. 

From this time up to about the date of the accession of 
Alfred, the condition of Caledonia was similar to that of 
England, continual warfare between the Scots and Picts 
ending in the complete subjection of the latter in the 
eighth century, and the crowning of Kenneth McAlpin as 
the first king of Scotland. The Picts disappear from the 
pages of history ; no trace of language or custom remains. 
From Ireland the Scots took their traditions, manners, 
religion, laws, customs, language, and name. 



15 

Chamber's Encyclopedia, vol. ii, p. 712, says of the 
Caledonians,— "Whether of the Cymric or Erse branch 
of the Celts is unknown, they disappear in the third cen- 
tury. The same doubt exists in regard to the Picts, but 
the Scots were emigrants from Ireland, both Scots and 
Gael being common names of the old Irish." Again, 
speaking of Scotland, vol. 7, p. 555: "The original Scotia 
or Scotland was Ireland, and the Scoti or Scots, the people 
of Ireland, a Celtic race." For many years, owing to the 
confusion incidental to the two kindred peoples, their 
nations were known to continental writers as Scotia Major 
and Scotia Minor. The exact period when the namie 
ceased to be applied to Ireland is unknown, but is sup- 
posed to be about the twelfth century. From the Irish 
people, according to Chambers, " the Anglo-Saxons re- 
ceived their knowledge of religion mainly, and of letters 
entirely." 

Green gives credit to the same source, and wrote that 
" It was the fashion in Europe in the ninth century to go 
to Ireland for piety and learning." Scottish scholars and 
ecclesiastics from Ireland not only flooded pagan England, 
but spread all over Europe. A Saxon raid on the coast 
of Ireland in the eighth century, according to Green, was 
looked upon as a sacrilege by the English people, an out- 
rage on the land from which came their teachers and bene- 
factors. Columb-kill at lona, Columban in France and 
Lombardy, Gall in Switzerland, and hundreds of their as- 
sociate Scots, carried the gospel of Christ and a knowledge 
of the classics to the then pagan countries of northern 
Europe and the older nations of the south, whose faith had 
been corrupted and whose knowledge of learning impaired 
by the repeated inroads of the barbarians. 



i6 

The language of the England of to-day was not that of 
the Angles, who were entirely ignorant of letters. The 
blood of the modern Anglo-Saxon is not as clear as that 
of his ancestors of the fifth century. The names of the 
people are not the same as those in use a thousand years 
ago, but, according to all English writers, they are the 
same people, and on that question no issue is desired. 
But apply the same rule to the Scotch, the language of the 
Highlands is the same Gaelic, without corruption or mix- 
ture, that their ancestors used when they left Ireland. It 
is the same tongue used in Ireland to-day where Irish is 
spoken. Their family names are those largely used in 
Ireland before Anglo-Saxons had acquired a knowledge of 
the alphabet, or knew how to make the sign of the cross, 
both of which were taught them by the Scottish missiona- 
ries. The Mac is known only in Ireland and Scotland, or 
in countries peopled by those nations. The connection 
between the people of both countries was close, down to 
the Reformation*. On Ireland the British Scots had to 
depend for education. They had no schools of their own; 
the seats of learning w^ere all in the old land, at Armagh, 
Bangor, Derry, Cashel, and other places of note in those 
days ; and even as late as the sixteenth century the High- 
land harpers went to Ireland to get a musical education. 

When the Scots emigrated from Ireland, the memory of 
St. Patrick was fresh in their minds ; the precepts he 
taught were what they practised. His name, with that of 



* So close was this connection, that Edward Bruce, brother of Robert, was at one period 
invited to come to Ireland and become king of the latter country. The invitation was 
accepted. Edward landed near Catrickfergas A. D. 13 15, with a force of 6000 Scots. He 
Wis immediately joined by ' >'Neill and other great Irish lords of thi north, and soon by 
O'Connor, king of Connaught, O'Brien of Thomond, and other Irish leaders of the east, 
wast and south. Bruce was crowned king of Ireland at Dundalk with impressive cere- 
monies. The Irish and Scotch allies then vigorously proceeded against the English in 
Ireland, speedily drove them out of Ulster, and then maiched southward, defeating the 
Englisli in several pitched battles. 



17 

Bridget, was loved and honored in Scotland, and revered 
in Ireland. The Saxons even, loved the name of Bridget, 
which was borne by one of Cromwell's daughters, and it 
will also be found on the the tombstones of the Walker 
family in Concord, N. H., in the old cemetery. 

In no part of the world was the Celtic blood more vigor- 
ous than in the Highlands, where, in Argylshire, as late as 
185 I, with a population of about 90,000, mostly all used 
the Gaelic tongue. The Scotch are then more truly Celtic 
than the English are Saxon ; and it is unfair, in the light 
of history, to draw a line between them and their kindred 
of Ireland. 

It is the fashion now among some people, to do this, and 
among the number who wish to cut off the connection, if 
such a thing were possible, are the offspring of many 
whose ancestors never saw the hills of Scotland, but who 
would fain enroll themselves in the ranks of the " Scotch- 
Irish." 

From Ireland to Ardh-Gaehdal (Argyle) the Scots 
went in 503. To Ireland from Argyle returned the Scots 
in 161 2-20 ; and to America their descendants sailed away 
in 1719. Call them "Scotch-Irish," or "Scotch," as you 
will, this is their record. If it is wrong, then the scholarly 
writers in Chambers are mistaken, and Green's works 
full of errors. That the people of the Lowlands are mixed 
will make no difference. Apply the same rule to both 
countries, and Scotland, as we have said, is more Celtic 
than England is Saxon. Another fact in connection with 
this point is of interest. Cochrane, in his history of 
Antrim, N. H., alluding to the "Massacre" of 1641, states 
that but comparatively few of the Scotch were killed by 
the Irish, whose hatred was more directly against the 



English, and also wrote that while the English settlements 
were repeatedly attacked by the French and Indians in 
New Hampshire, the "Scotch-Irish" were not molested, 
and that there was a supposition that they had been in- 
structed to that effect b}^ the Jesuit priests in Canada ; 
rather suggestive. 

The "Massacre" of 1641 has been for years a favorite 
weapon in the hands of those who dislike the Irish Catho- 
lics; but it has been treated so often by Irish Protestants 
who love the truth and the good name of their countrymen, 
that a word from one whose ancestors have been so foully 
slandered for two hundred years is not needed. The 
"History of Ireland," by Prof. Taylor, of Trinity college, 
Dublin, published by Harper Brothers ; " Vindiciae Hiber- 
nicae," by Mathew Carey, father of the great writer on politi- 
cal economy, Henry C. Carey; and the " Cromwellian 
Settlement," by John P. Prendergast, — all deal exhaus- 
tively with the subject. 

For over eighty years, under the reigns of the Jameses, 
Cromwell, the two Charleses, and William the Third, the 
" Scotch-Irish " so-called, had been the willing instruments 
in the hands of English rulers and English parliaments to 
uphold the English power and the English church. Pres- 
byterians themselves, they fought willingly against their 
Catholic kindred for their share of the land of Ireland. 
And no matter what was the religion professed by their 
masters, or the form of government, — monarchy or re- 
public, king or protector, Episcopal or Puritan, — they did 
their full part ; but the day of reckoning came, and bitterly 
did they reap the fruit of their labors and sacrifices. The 
surrender of Limerick ended the terrible struggle so far 
as the Irish Catholics were concerned. William was 



19 

firmly seated on the throne, the Irish for the first time 
completely subjugated, their lands in the possession of the 
enemy, the troopers of Cromwell and of William, and 
their persons at the mercy of all who hated them. 

The French Protestants, who fought for William with 
his Dutch auxiliaries, had settled in Ireland; many of them 
were skilled artisans. Manufactures sprang up ; the war 
was over, and the arts of peace followed ; the herds of 
cattle, sheep, and horses increased. The lot of the poor 
Irish people was growing better ; their services — their 
labor — were required; and it seemed after all as if the 
country was going to see peace and prosperity restored, 
although confined mainly to the strangers. But, lo and 
behold! the people of England awoke one morning and 
found a new competitor crowding them in their own 
markets. They had been accustomed to supply the Irish 
people; but the tables were turned, and England was 
flooded with Irish cattle, Irish wool, and Irish woolens. 
That would never do. Parliament was appealed to ; the 
prayers of the English merchants were granted ; the ex- 
portation of cattle and manufactured goods from Ireland 
was forbidden ; and the great British nation was once more 
saved. This was a hard blow to the loyal Protestants, in 
whose hands and by whose exertions Ireland in so short a 
time had proved to be so formidable a rival. Ireland — 
Protestant Ireland — sank under it. 

Then, again, the government finding the Presbyterians 
independent and stiff-necked, and ha\dng for the time 
being effectually settled the Catholic question, exporting 
to the West Intlia islands and to New England over ten 
thousand boys and girls, young men and women, and 



20 

scattering over Europe, from Italy to Poland, additional 
thousands of exiles, — soldiers, priests, and laymen, — turned 
its paternal eyes on the Presbyterian Irish of the North, and 
it took but a few years for them to learn, — after restric- 
tions placed on their religion, petty persecution of their 
pastors, the increase of their rents on leases expiring, and 
the entire destruction of their manufacturing industries, — 
that it made but little difference* with the English govern- 
ment what people it was that inhabited Hibernia, — the old 
Irish, the "Norman-Irish," the "Anglo-Saxon-Irish," or 
the "Scotch-Irish." Their mission in life according to the 
government was to work for the profit of the English peo- 
ple, to fight, and, if necessary, to die for the English gov- 
ernment, and to worship God in conformity with the English 
church. 

What was the result ? Why, those people whose ancestors 
left Scotland one hundred or more years before turned 
their backs on Ireland, and in thousands emigrated to 
America, accompanied b}^ fully as many of the old race, 
whose homes were found all over the original thirteen 
colonies, and whose descendants are found today throughout 
the country — the McNeils, McLeans, Lanahans, Carrols, 
Lynches, McMurphys, McGregors, Barrys, Sullivans, Mc- 
Cormicks, McDuffys, O'Briens, Manahans,0' Neils, O'Don- 
nells, Brannans, Pollocks, Buchanans, Morrisons, McClin- 
tocks, McGuires, McCarthys, Jacksons, Coffees, Groghans, 
McGradys, Clarkes, Harneys, McDonoughs, Porters, Mc- 
Millans, Montgomerys, Shutes, O' Haras, McAffees, Mc- 
Ginnises, McGowans, Butlers, Fitzgeralds, Mooneys, Kellys, 
Kennys, Moores, Gilmores, McAdoos, Kearneys, Haleys, 

* During the Irish Revohxtion of 179S, hosts of Irish Presbyterians nobly identiiied 
themselves with the patriot cause. Many Presbyterian ministers were seized by the 
British enemy and executed as " rebels" to English law. 



21 

McClarys, Pendergasts, Sheas, Roaches, McCombs, Mc- 
Calls, McGills, McRaes, Kanes, Flynns, O'Connors, Mc- 
Clellans, McClanahans, McGees, O'Keefes, O'Rourkes, 
O'Reillys, McConihes, McDougals, McDowells, etc., etc. 
Many immortalized themselves by deeds of daring in the 
service of the colonies or the republic, on land and on sea. 

Lord Fitzwilliam estimated the number of operatives, 
who left Ireland at one hundred thousand. Dobbs' " His- 
tory of Irish Trade," Dublin, 1727, said that three thou- 
sand males left Ulster yearly for the colonies. Philadelphia 
alone, for the year 1729, shows a record of 5,655 Irish 
emigrants, against English and Welsh, 267 ; Scotch, 43 ; 
Germans, 343. 

They left Ireland with the most intense hatred of Eng- 
land. That hatred was religiously transmitted to their 
children, which England found to her cost in the war of 
the Revolution, the close of which found Moylan the com- 
mander of the dragoons, and Hand the adjutant-general of 
the army — both natives of Ireland. Among those of 
their kindred who remained at home this intensity of feel- 
ing found vent in the institution of the order of " United 
Irishmen," first composed, like the Charitable Irish Society 
of Boston (founded, 173 7), of Protestants, afterwards assimi- 
lating with those of the Catholic faith, and culminating in 
the Rebellion of 1798, when for the first time in the his- 
tory of Ireland the Catholic and Protestant Celts fought 
on the same side, and the Catholic priest and Presbyterian 
elder were hanged on the same tree. This is so well 
known that no authorities need be quoted. 

The so-called " Scotch-Irish" loved Ireland. Their action 
in 1798 proved that they did not hate her sons ; and they 
emigrated to America, not as some writers would have the 



22 

world believe, on account of dislike to the Irish Catholics, 
but because they could not live under the English govern- 
ment in Ireland. 

The affinity between the kindred races is treated lightly 
by modern writers, especially in New Hampshire, and the 
saying of Bayard Taylor, in " Picturesque Europe," that 
"they [the Irish] were the true Scots of history," would 
no doubt be exceedingly distasteful to them ; but it will be 
very hard to find a Teutonic origin for the gallant and 
stubborn race which has never learned to bend the knee 
or bow the head to tyrants, either in Ireland or in 
Scotland — a race to which Europe owes a debt it can 
never repay. For from the teachings of the Scots, at a 
time when Rome and Greece were overrun by barbaric 
hosts, Scotland learned her duty to the true God as taught 
by the gospel of His divine Son, and acquired a knowledge 
of letters which, owing to the overthrow of Rome, was fast 
dying out elsewhere. 

Cochrane in his History of Antrim, N. H., and Morrison 
in his History of Windham and the History of the Morrison 
Family, allude to the theory of the Irish origin of the 
Scotch, but do not consider it credible. A study, how- 
ever, of the origin of the names of persons and places in 
Ireland and Scotland would easily disclose the relationship. 
The prefixes Kin, Kil, and Dun in the names of places are 
as frequent in one country as in the other, and the prefixes 
Mac and Kil to the names of persons are common to both. 
Mac simply means son, — MacShane, son of John; Mac- 
Donough, son of Dennis ; MacGregor, son of Gregory ; 
MacDermot or MacDiarmid, son of Jeremiah ; MacDonald, 
son of Daniel ; MacPhadrig, son of Patrick ; MacTeague, 
son of Timothy; MacBride, son of Bridget ; MacMurrough, 
son of Murrough, etc. 



The prefix Kil, so often seen in Irish names of persons 
and places, and also peculiar to Scotland, is not as san- 
guinary as it appears. It is the Celtic pronunciation of 
cell — the c being hard in Gaelic, and the word being pro- 
nounced as if spelled kel. So comes the name Kilpatrick. 
or cell of Patrick, Kilmichael, Kildare, etc. 

The ancient name ot Edinburgh was Dun-Eidan. Dun- 
more, Dunluce and Dungiven in Ireland, will be matched 
by Dunbarton, Dundonald and Dundee in Scotland. 

The prefix and affix Ross is also peculiar to both coun- 
tries. Melross (Melrose) Abbey in Scotland and Muckross 
Abbey in Ireland show the relation : it means headland. 

In Ireland a lake is called a lough — Lough Erne ; in 
Scotland, a loch — Loch Lomond ; — so with the names of 
mountains, etc., etc. A slight knowledge of the Gaelic 
language would be of inestimable value, especially to Mr. 
Morrison, who would not then be obliged to draw such 
heavy drafts on his imagination in seeking for the origin 
of the Morrison family ; for certainly, before the Teutonic 
Mohrs, from which he fondly hopes he has sprung, left 
their native wilds of Germania, or before the Blessed Vir- 
gin found followers in Ireland or in the Highlands of Scot- 
land so devoted as to style themselves sons of Mary — 
Marysons — the MacMurroughs of Leinster (sons of 
Murrough or Murroughsons)* did many a deed of bravery. 

* In addition to IMaryson and Murroughsou, other origins are found for the Irish name 
Morrison. Thomas Hamilton Murray, while editor of the Daily Sun, Lawrence., Mass., 
wrote, in June, 1S96, a paper on " The Irish Morrisons. Eminent in Ancient, Medieval 
and Jlodern Times. A Glance at the Origin of the Clan Name, Together with Reference 
to the Family's Patrimony in the Ancient Kingdom of Connaught." He states on the 
authority of O'Hart that Diarmaid, who is No. iii on the MacDermot (princes of Moy- 
lurg) pedigree, had two brothers, Donoch and Teige Oge. Donoch was the ancestor of 
O'Muirios and MacMuirios, which have been anglicized O'Morris, O'Morrison, Mac- 
Morris, etc., and from which derive such names as MacMorrissey, Morrissey, Morrison, 
Morison and various others. Other Irish Morris and Morrison families trace their descent 
from Tiomain Muirios, whose brother Tiobrad is No. 91 on the O'Dowd pedigree. 
Tiomain flourished early in the sixth century. In the list of " Irish chiefs and clans " 
given by O'Hart, O'Morrison is mentioned among those in Mayo and Sligo. O'Hart also 
mentions the O'Morrisons of Donegal. He likewise states that a member of the Irish 
O'Morris or MacMorris (MacMorris — son of Morris, i e., Morrison), family settled in 
Scotland at an early period, and was the ancestor of Morrison there. 



24 

One thing is certain, and it is this, to the unprejudiced 
reader : it does not appear from a perusal of colonial 
documents that these people who settled in Londonderry 
and other towns in New Hampshire were so much 
ashamed of being called Irish as the writings of some of 
their descendants indicate. There were scattered among 
them many bearing names peculiar to the east, west and 
south of Ireland, like Flynn, Lanahan, O'Brien, Manahan, 
Sullivan, Lynch, Connor, Mooney, Burke and Fitzgerald, 
as well as such well known north of Ireland names as 
O'Neill, McMahon and O'Donnell. In addition, the 
settlers of Scotch origin were largely the descendants of 
those who settled in Ireland in 1612-20, one hundred 
years or more before the emigration to America, and inter- 
marriages had taken place between them and their ancient 
relatives. 

It is not then surprising that their newly settled towns 
were named after the dear old homes, not in Scotland, 
but in Ireland ; that the society organized in Boston in 
1737 was called the Charitable Irish Society instead of the 
Scotch ; that the second Masonic lodge in New Hampshire 
was named St. Patrick's Lodge, and was instituted on 
St. Patrick's Day, in the year 1780, and not on St. 
Andrew's Day; that the first grand master of the order in 
the state was John Sullivan ; and that some of the most 
eminent men in the land sprung from this noted stock. 
As there was also considerable emigration direct from Scot- 
land to America, and as for a great many noted men is 
claimed affinity, not directly with the Scotch, but rather 
with the "Scotch-Irish," it must be granted that the 
sojourn of a hundred years or more in Ireland, and the in- 
termarriages with the people of that country, produced a 
superior race, which should be called, according to the rule 



25 

Tiumorously laid down by Gov. Ames of Massachusetts, at 
a banquet of the Charitable Irish Society, " The improved 
order of Scotchmen," as he styled them — the members of 
the Charitable Society — "The improved order of Irish- 
men." But, to be serious, as history has been written 
about the so-called "Scotch-Irish " here in New Hamp- 
shire, an Irishman who loves the traditions and good name 
of his race has ample reason to find fault, for not only is 
every allusion to the people of Ireland very offensive, but 
all emigrants from that country to this, prior to the Revo- 
lution, no matter of what branch of the race, Iri.sh or 
Scotch, are claimed by and credited to the latter. " In 
morals, blood, language and religion," they, the "Scotch- 
Irish," were different from the Irish, it is said. The intel- 
ligent reader can see for himself how false this statement 
is, so far as the blood and language are concerned ; and as 
for the morals of the Irish people, let an unprejudiced 
writer decide. 

Sir Henry Maine, in his " History of Institutions," 
"Brehon Laws," page 80, says: — "At the present 
moment Ireland is probably that one of all western coun- 
tries in which the relation of the sexes are most nearly on 
the footing required by the Christian theory. Nor is there 
any reasonable doubt that this result has been brought 
about, in the main by the Roman Catholic clergy." So 
much for the morals of the Irish people in 1875 ; and in 
this they are in accord with those of their ancestors at the 
period written of by Morrison and Cochrane, according to 
the testimony of Lecky on " European Morals." If the 
morals of the Scotch colonists in Ireland m 1620 differed 
from those of their Irish cousins, it would not be to the 
discredit of the latter. 

A short study of the work of Maine quoted will satisfy 



26 

the writers mentioned of the origin of the Scots, as he con- 
stantly alludes to the Celts of Ireland and of the Scottish 
Highlands, to the "Newer Scotia," and to the "Scots of 
Ireland." On page 80 he says: — "It cannot be doubted, 
I think, that the primitive notion of kinship, as the cement 
binding communities together, survived longer among the 
Celts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands than in any 
western society." Prejudice has for centuries prevented 
English scholars from studying the early history of Ire- 
land, but, thanks to the efforts of writers like Maine, this 
is now being done. He alludes to this prejudice when he 
writes: — There was no set of communities which, until 
recently, supplied us with information less in amount and 
apparent value concerning the early history of law than 
those of Celtic origin. 

This was the more remarkable because one particular 
group of small Celtic societies, which have engrossed more- 
than their share of the interest of the country — the clans 
of the Scottish Highlands — had admittedly retained many 
of the characteristics, and in particular the political char- 
icteristics, of a more ancient condition of the world almost 
down to our own day. But the explanation is that all 
Celtic societies were, until recently, seen by those com- 
petent to observe them through a peculiarly deceptive 
medium. A thick mist of feudal law hid the ancient 
constitution of Irish society from English observation. 
" The group of Irish scholars, distinguished by a remark- 
able sobriety of thought, which has succeeded a school al- 
most infamous for the unchastened license of its specula- 
tions on history and philology, has pointed out many things 
in Irish custom which connected it with the Archaic prac- 
tices known to be still followed or to have been followed 
by the Germanic races." 



27 

Of the piety of the Irish people of the fourteenth cen- 
tury, the following from Maine, page 17", bears proof: 
"One A'IS., the 'Senachus Mor,' or the great Book of Laws, 
known to be as old at least as the fourteenth century, has 
written on it a touching note by a member of the family to 
whom it belonged : 'One thousand three hundred two and 
forty years from the birth of Christ till this night ; and this is 
the second year since the coming of the plague into Ireland. 
I have written this in the twentieth year of my age. I am 
Hugh, son of Conor McEgan, and w'hoever reads it let him 
offer a prayer of mercy for my soul. This is Christmas 
night, and on this night I place myself under the protection 
of the King of Heaven and Earth, beseeching that he wnll 
bring me and my friends safe through the plague.' " Hugh 
wrote this in his own father's book in the year of the great 
plague. Again, on page 237, he speaks of "lona or Hy as 
the religious house founded by St. Columba near the coast 
of the 'newer Scota.' " 

The failings of the "Scotch-Irish," in the way of a love 
of whiskey, festivities at weddings, the observance of wakes, 
and an occasional bout with the shillalagh, are charged to 
their Irish neighbors, from whom they contracted these bad 
habits. The love for the ardent is still a Scotch failing ; its 
praises have been sung by "Bobbie" Burns and Sir Walter 
Scott, both of whom dearly loved the "Mountain Dew," and 
the refrain has been chanted in our own day by no less a 
person than Professor Blackie ; but in view of the fact that 
all in those times "took their tod" — Catholic, Puritan, or 
Presbyterian — whiskey. New England rum, or hard cider, 
according to their liking — it would be a w^aste of time to en- 
deavor to refute such charges, especially when history in- 
forms us that neither church, schoolhouse, nor barn, in New 
Hampshire, could be raised or dedicated without a liberal 
supply of New England rum. Instead of casting reflections, 



28 

one ought to be thankful that such things would be simply 
impossible in our own day, and that the fault was not of the 
people, but of the times in which they lived. 

This fear on the part of so many, who pride themselves 
on their descent from the settlers of Londonderry, N. H., of 
being confounded with the modern Irish, can easily be in- 
ferred. The heavy migration of the latter day Irish, mainly 
of the Catholic faith, and principally from the south, east, 
and west of Ireland, began about the year 1840. They were 
poor, ignorant of letters as a rule, and their manners, cus- 
toms and speech strange to those to "the manner born." 
Thousands came here without mothers, wives, or sisters, 
and with no chance to practice their religion, or, at least, to 
have an opportunity to have its tenets expounded. For 
their lack of education they were not responsible, nor for 
their poverty; — the former they were deprived of for 150 
years by legal enactment ; the latter was the natural effect 
of the laws under which the settlers of Londonderry could 
not live, and from which they fied 121 years before. But 
these modern Celts brought with them what the country 
needed, — strong, muscular bodies, clear heads, willing 
hands to work, clean hearts, and honest purposes ; and 
when the hour finally arrived, and their wives and children 
were gathered around them, new homes and new firesides 
were founded, the "Soggarth aroon" followed, and the 
modest little chapel arose, crowned with the sacred symbol 
of Calvary — the cross — to be followed by the many beauti- 
ful churches and stately cathedrals, tributes to their piety, 
devotion and self-sacrifice. 

And when the world had seen the tireless labor be- 
stowed by these Irish on the railroads, on the canals, on the 
wharves, and in the mines, their stern loyalty and unflinch- 
ing bravery on the battle-fields of the War for the Union, 
and the steady advance in all the walks of hfe, — commercial 



29 

and mercantile, the army and navy, the law and the church, 
— of those of the first generation following, their bitterest 
enemies were compelled to acknowledge that they were true 
kin of the people whose piety, vigor and learning astonished 
Europe from the sixth to the tenth centuries, and gallant 
kindred of the heroes who made the Irish brigade of France 
a terror to its enemies and a glory to the race from which it 
sprang. 

It was then but natural that the descendants of those 
whom tyranny had driven from Ireland early in the eigh- 
teenth century, educated by their surroundings, and preju- 
diced against them through their teachings, should regard 
the new comers with aversion, and dread to own them as 
kindred. But the advance made by those emigrants and 
their children in our own day, and a knowledge of the early 
history of the race, will remove this prejudice, and in time 
make them as proud of their origin as those who have 
sprung direct from the cradle of the Scots — Ireland, the 
original Scotland of history. 

It is the supposition of many writers that all the old 
Irisli are Catholic, and the later stock Protestant. While 
this may be true in the main, there are, nevertheless, good 
sized minorities of the former Protestant, and of the latter 
Catholic, as their names indicate. The founders of Method- 
ism in America came here direct from Ireland, and while 
Philip Embury may have been of German origin, among 
the pioneers the names of John Finnegan, Joseph Mitchel, 
Henry Ryan, and Peter Moriarty, which appear on the 
pages of Rev. Dr. Abel Stevens's "Ivlemorials of the Intro- 
duction of Methodism in the Eastern States," about the 
period of 1790, are fully as Irish in appearance as the names 
of Chaplain McCabe or Dr. John Lanahan of the Methodist 
Church South in our own day. A study of modern Irish 
history would verify this statement. The lineal descendant 



30 

of Brian Born, the hero of Clontarf, is an EpiscopaHan, — 
O'Brien, Earl of Inchiquin; and a direct shoot of Dermot 
MacMurrough, of infamous memory, is one of the staunch- 
est supporters of the same church. Both are as anti-Irish 
as the most belhgerent Enghshman, while, on the other 
hand, some of the purest patriots and most devout Irish 
Catholics were of English or German stock. 

Of the ancient art and learning of Ireland, English and 
Scotch bear witness. Pinkerton, a noted Scottish writer, 
who has already been cjuoted, speaks of the Life of St. 
Columbkille "as being the most complete piece of ancient 
biography that all Europe can boast of." It was written by 
St. Adamnanus, Abbot of lona, who died in 703. Like 
Columba, he was an Irishman, and a successor of the saint 
as Abbot of Hy. This opinion of Pinkerton's is endorsed 
by David McPherson's "Annals of Commerce," Edin., 
1S05. This gentleman made copious extracts from the 
vvorks of Adamnanus, all of which show a high state of 
Irish civilization as early as the fifth and sixth centuries, 
facts which will stagger the belief of our modern defamers. 

From Adamnanus, Mr. McPherson proves "that the 
arts, conducive not only to the conveniences but to the 
luxury of life, were known and practised to an excess in 
Ireland in the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries ; that the 
luxury of riding in chariots was common ; that the bodies 
of the dead, at least those of eminent rank, were enveloped 
in line linen ; that though ale was a common beverage, wine 
was also used ; that in churches bells were used ; that they 
had long vessels in which they performed extended voyages 
of fourteen days into the Northern ocean ; that they had in- 
struments and trinkets of gold, belonging to ages antecedent 
to authentic history. As civilized countries do not carry the 
precious metal into countries in an inferior state of civiliza- 
tion, it seems more probable, says Mr. McPherson, that the 



31 

gold was found in the mines, of which there are still many 
traces in Ireland, than that it was imported there. "We- 
should suppose, with Tacitus, that Ireland had a greater 
foreign trade than Great Britain. 

"The first mention of Ireland in ancient times occurs 
in a poem by Orpheus, where he speaks of it as lernis, 500 
years before Christ. To the Romans it was known as 
Hibernia, and to the Greeks as Ivernia and lerne. Aristotle 
speaks of two islands 'situated in the ocean beyond the 
Pillars of Hercules, called Britannic Albion and lerne, be- 
yond the Celtae.' 'Pomponious Mela, with quite an Irish 
\\armth of eulogy, declares the herbage to be so luxuriant 
that the cattle who feed on it sometimes burst.' Pliny re- 
peats this statement, and adds, 'that the Hibernian mother 
trains her child from the first to eat food from the point of a 
svv'ord.' But the most important of all is Ptolemy, who 
describes the country, and gives the names of the principal 
rivers, promontories, seaports, and inland towns. Diodorus 
Siculus mentions it, and wrote 'that the Phoenicians, from 
the very remotest times, made repeated voyages for com- 
merce.' " 

The writer of the article, in Rees's Cyclopedia, on Ire- 
land says, — "It does not appear improbable, much less 
absurd, to suppose that the Phoenicians might have colon- 
ized Ireland at an early period, and introduced their laws, 
customs, and knowledge, with a comparatively high state 
of civilization." Tacitus, referring to a proposed invasion 
of Ireland under the direction of Agricola, says, — 'Tn the 
fifth year of these expeditions, Agricola, passing over in 
the first ship, subdued in frequent victories nations hitherto 
unknown. He stationed troops along that part of Britain 
which looks to Ireland, more on account of hope than fear, 
since Ireland, from its situation between Britain and Spain, 
and opening to the Gallic sea, might well connect the most 



32 

powerful parts of the empire with reciprocal advantage. Its. 
extent, compared with Britain, is narrower, but exceeds 
that of any islands in our sea. The genius and habits of the 
^people, and the soil and climate, do not differ much from 
thc^se of Britain. Its channels and ports are better known 
to commerce and merchants. Agricola gave his protection 
to one of its petty kings, who had been expelled by faction, 
and with a show of friendship retained him for his own pur- 
poses. I have often heard him say that Ireland could be 
conquered and taken with one legion and a small reserve ; 
and such a measure would have its advantages as regards 
Britain, if Roman power were extended on every side, and 
liberty taken away as it wefe from the latter island." 

The island was never conquered or even explored by 
the Romans. Sir John Davies remarked, regarding the 
boast of Agricola, that "if he had attempted the conquest 
thereof with a larger army, he would have found himself 
deceived in his conjecture." And William of Newburgh has 
also remarked that "though the Romans harassed the 
Britons for three centuries after this event, Ireland never 
was invaded by them. The Scots and Picts gave their 
legions quite sufficient occupation defending the ramparts 
of Adrian and Antoninus, to deter them from attempting 
to obtain more, when they could hardly hold what they 
already possessed." 

Of the truth of the quotations from the writers men- 
tioned, modern thought and research are bearing proof; 
and the time has arrived, thanks to writers and philologists 
like Max Muller, when statements referring to the ancient 
civilization of Ireland will not be received with a look of 
contemptuous doubt, or a sneer of scornful incredulity. 

Of ancient Irish art, a writer in Chambers says, — "Of 
articles of metal, stone, clay, and other materials in use 
among the ancient Irish, a large collection has been formed 



in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy in Dublin. It 
is remarkable that a greater number and variety of antique 
golden articles of remote age have been found in Ireland 
than in any other part of northern Europe, and the ma- 
jority of the gold antiquities illustrative of British history 
now preserved in the British Museum are Irish." 

Speaking on the same subject, Prof. Llewellen Jewitt, 
F. S. A., in the Art Journal, Appleton's reprint, remarks, — 
'The Irish, as we all know, were in ancient times — as many 
of the gifted sons and daughters of that gifted land are at 
the present day — remarkable for the beauty and intricacy 
of their designs, and for the marvellous delicacy, precision, 
and finish in their workmanship, whether in metal, stone, 
or vellum. Their early designs present remarkable and 
striking peculiarities, and exhibit a greater inventive power, 
a stricter adhesion to sound principles of art, than those of 
anv other contemporaneous people. The style, which can 
only be called the 'Irish style,' is national to that country, 
and was pursued for many centuries with the same spirited 
characteristics, and the same amount of elaboration and 
intricacy. The carved stone crosses, the metal fibule, 
shrines, bells, cases, croziers, illuminated manuscripts, and 
indeed everv species of ornamental work, evince the same 
skill in design and the same general adhesion to one fixed 
principle, and show that whatever the material worked 
upon, or whatever the size or use of the object upon which 
that work was expended, the mind of the Irish artist w^as 
guided by the same feeling and the same fixed idea." 

In the illustrated catalogue of the Archaeological Mu- 
seum at Edinburgh, 1856, is a description of St. Patrick's 
bell : "It is six inches high, five inches broad, and four 
inches deep, and is kept in a case or shrine of brass, en- 
riched with gems and witb gold filigree." 

Of the objects of antique art in gold, brooches especial- 



34 

ly, found in Ireland, the writer says, — "]vlany are wonderfully 
beautiful in workmanship, and still more so in design, and 
it is doubtful if antiquity has left us anything more perfect 
m the way of personal ornament than the so-called Hunter- 
stone brooch. It was fomid in 1830 in the parish of Kil- 
bride. Ayrshire : it has a legible inscription in Gaelic." 

One of the first specimens of cinerary urns found in the 
British Isles was discovered in a small stone chamber in 
Bagenalstown, County Carlow. Ireland, and is now in the 
Museum of the Royal Irish Academy in Dublin. Of this 
branch of early Irish art Prof. Jewitt treats exhaustively, and 
illustrates with many engravings. Of urns found in different 
parts of Ireland he says, — "It is not too much to say that 
in an equal degree with metal work, with illuminations, 
and with interlaced designs in sculpture, the decorations, 
nay. even the general forms, of the early fictile productions 
of the Irish people are in advance of those of coeval nations, 
and exhibit more 'flow' and general taste than they do." 

Charles G. Leland. director of the industrial art schools 
of Philadelphia, in an interesting article in Longman's ^lag- 
azine for November, 1886, on ancient Irish art, says, — "It is 
possible that the mere suggestion of industrial art finding 
an opening for the unemployed in Ireland will bring a smile 
to many who should give it serious consideration, and who 
possibly anticipate something funny to say at Irish ex- 
pense. And yet the Irishman has capacity for art. It was 
a clever race in prehistoric times, and no one can say the 
stream was ever less broad than it is now. It had men who 
were almost Shakespeares, and who were quite as much as 
Bopps and Grimms, before we had writing. Now if I can 
prove that there ever was a time when the Irish were pre- 
eminently an art-loving and artistic people, I shall beg leave 
to assume, that, arguing from the strongest analogy', they 
m.av again become so. It is only within a few years that 



one could venture such a statement : until very recently the 
world was not well enough educated to understand it. We 
are only just coming into an age when decoration is deemed 
to be an art at all. To the connoisseur dilittante of the 
last generation, nurtured in the renaissance and in statue 
life, the wondrous 'Book of Kells,' that triumph of a pure, 
illuminated manuscript, seemed an eccentric barbarism and 
an industrious idleness. 

"And I have yet to hear or read anywhere, what I 
earnestly believe, that the so-called later Celtic, or purely 
Irish, decoration is, take it altogether, the most elegant and 
ingenious style of decoration which the world has ever seen. 
When Roman art had died, and was not yet fully revived in 
the Romanesque, there sprang up in an obscure part of 
Europe that wdiich eventually gave tone to, and determined 
more than any cause whatever, the decorative art of the 
middle age. When I say the decorative art of this period, 
I say, in a Vv"ord, all its art, for there never was a phase of 
art more decorative. It compared to the classic or the 
Greek, as a forest of one kind of tree, bound with a million 
vines and colored with millions of flowers, compares w'ith 
a group of ferns, or of a single grove of palms. Now the 
soul of all this fanciful tracery and wild ornament w^as de- 
rived from the illuminations of the manuscripts. This art 
preceded the wonderfully florid architecture in which it 
re-appeared, and this art was IrisA. It was purely and en- 
tirely Irish. In the darkest day of the dark ages, there was 
a bright lire of intellect in Ireland. It attested itself, not 
only in the purest piety, in theology and poetry, in legend 
and lay. but in a new art. From this fire went bright sparks, 
which kindled fresher fires all over Europe. 

"Irish monks carried to the court of Charlemagne the 
new style of illuminating manuscripts, and combined it with 
heavy Romanesque, which was yet almost Roman. From this 



36 

union sprang the new art, but all that was most original and 
remarkable in it was Irish. Those who would verify what 
I have said, for examples of it may consult the 'Palaeog- 
raphia' of Westwood, who was one of the first, I beheve, 
to make known the wonderful influence which Ireland ex- 
erted in art. Architecture, also, flourished in Ireland, at 
this time, to a degree which is even known now to but few. 
I hazard the statement, which will, I believe, yet be veri- 
fied, that before the advent of Norman architecture there 
were more and better stone edifices than were erected by 
the Saxons. 

"To the impartial student of decorative art, the later 
Celtic metal- work is almost miraculous. Its two great 
differences from the contemporary ornament of Europe, 
or what came later, lie in this. Gothic art, with all its rich- 
ness and variety, was given to repetition. Later Celtic is 
simply of incredible variety : every design in it indicates 
that its artists never repeated themselves. They combined 
intricacy with elegance to a degree which astonishes us. 
Whatever opinion the world may have as to the esthetic 
value of Irish art, one thing is true : the men who made it 
had the minds which could have mastered anything in the 
decorative art, for they were nothing if they were not orig- 
inal, and their art was manifestly universal or general. It 
was produced by common artisans. It was of the people. 
It was most evidently not produced under the greatest ad- 
vantages of wealth and luxury or patronage. I do not, and 
cannot believe, that, the blood being the same with that of 
the men who a thousand years ago taught decorative art to 
all Europe, the Irish of the present day cannot do what they 
did of old." 

In all the quotations made thus far, not one has been 
taken from Irish writers. The day has not yet arrived 
when Irish authority can be offered with the full assurance 



2>7 

that it would be accepted. Prejudice and ignorance, as the 
last writer alludes to, still control the pen and the voice of 
many who would, were it otherwise, be the loudest in de- 
fence of the Niobe of nations ; but it will come in its own 
good time. IMeanwhile, with such a record before them, 
can the modern "Scotch-Irish-American" be ashamed of 
such an ancestry? 

Hon. William Parsons, the celebrated lecturer, a rela- 
tive of the illustrious Lawrence Parsons, Earl of Rosse, an 
Irish Protestant, and a lover of his country, in an article re- 
cently published, voices the sentiment of the true Irishman, 
\vhen, speaking of the battle of Clontarf, where the power 
of the Northmen was forever broken in Ireland, says, — 
"Vet this was once the arena of a bloody battle which de- 
cided the fate of a kingdom. The struggle took place at 
this spot, where an Irish prince met and repelled the Danish 
invaders — the terror of Europe and of imperial Rome itself. 
Here the galleys of the Norsemen anchored ; here stands 
the old castle built by the Crusaders ; here the well where 
the victor slacked his thirst, and which to-day bears his 
name. But the dust of antiquity, like that of Egypt, has 
fallen heavily upon a spot rich in historical associations. If 
the stranger inquires of an inhabitant for any particulars, 
the replv is a crude one, — 'Yes, here took place the battle 
of Clontarf.' the Salamis of Ireland. That is all that is 
known, for this anomalous island has no history. All records 
of historic fame lie in musty archives of the state. All 
deeds of enterprise and chivalry, to remind posterity of the 
prowess and glory of their forefathers, are forbidden and 
put down by an act of parliament : not an Irish history per- 
mitted in an Irish national school. 'That man is little to be 
envied whose patriotism would not gain force upon the 
plains of Marathon, or whose piety would not grow warmer 
amid the ruins of lona,' are the words of Doctor Johnson, 



3S 

speaking of the value of history, and are good ilhistrations 
of historic Grecian valor and ancient Irish Christianit3^ The 
Greeks at Marathon vv'ere more successful in contending 
with their foes, the Persians, than the unarmed, peaceful 
monks of lona, whose lives and works were destroyed by 
the accursed, much vaunted Vikings, the scourge of religion 
and morality. Doctor Johnson, writing on a proposal to 
compile a national history of Ireland in his day, said, — 
'Such a design should be prosecuted. Ireland is less known 
than any other country as to its ancient state. I have long 
wished that the Irish literature were cultivated. Ireland is 
known by tradition to have been the seat of piety and learn- 
ing, and surely it would be very acceptable to all those who 
are curious, either in the origin of nations or the affinities 
of language, to be further informed of the resolutions of a 
people so ancient and once so illustrious.' " 

In the article on the "Welsh Language and Litera- 
ture,"in Chambers' Encyclopaedia,* it is stated "that prepos- 
terous as the views of most patriotic Welshmen are on this 
subject — antiquity of their language — it is undoubtedly true 
that the Welsh is one of the oldest living languages in Eu- 
rope, and that it possesses a literature reaching back to re- 
moter times than that of any modern tongue except Irish." 
From a sketch of the "Life of St. WiUibrod," in the same 
work, it can be found that this "saint, apostle of the Frisians, 
and first bishop of Utrecht, was born in the kingdom of 
Northumbria in 658 ; educated in the monastery of Ripon ; 
and for final instruction was sent, like most of the mqnks of 
that age, to Ireland, where he remained thirteen years." 

Chambers (vol. i, p. 432), speaking of the Isles of Ar- 
ran, near the entrance of Galway bay, says, — "Anciently 
these islands formed an important ecclesiastical seat. Con- 
taining at one time twenty churches and monasteries, Irish- 



*The edition of Chambers quoted throughout this work is that of London and Edin- 
burgh, 1868. 



39 

more was the centre of these, still known as 'Arran of the 
Saints.' " Many pilgrims still visit the old shrines and relics 
scattered through the islands. St. Kenanach's church, built 
in the seventh century, still exists, as well as the stone orato- 
ries and little bee-hive stone huts of the monks of the sixth 
and seventh centuries. The military antiquities are not less 
remarkable, consisting of nine circular Cyclopean fortresses 
of unhewn, uncemented stone, portions of the walls still be- 
ing twenty feet high. The largest of these. Dun Angus, — 
Fort of Angus, — on a clifif 220 feet high, is one of the most 
magnificent barbaric monuments in Europe. On page 662, 
vol. I, Chambers', there is this mention of Bangor abbey 
(Ban-choir), the white choir, one of the most noted seats of 
learning in Europe between the seventh and the tenth cen- 
turies : "St. Cungall founded Bangor abbey in 555, of which 
the ruins still remain. From this abbey, Alfred selected 
professors when he founded the University of Oxford. In 
the ninth century it contained three thousand inmates." It 
was situated near the entrance to Belfast lough. Of Cashel, 
another celebrated seat of learning in ancient times, in the 
south of Ireland, the same authority (vol. ii, p. 648) speaks : 
''The ancient kings of Munster resided there. The top of 
the heights, or 'rock of Cashel,' is occupied by an assem- 
blage of the most remarkable ruins in Ireland. The ruins 
consist of a cathedral founded in 1169; a stone-roofed 
chapel, built in 1127 by Cormac MacCarthy, king of Mun- 
ster, and the most perfect specimen of the kind in the coun- 
try ; Hore abbey, founded in 1260 ; the palace of the Munster 
kings ; and a round tower ninety feet high and fifty-six feet 
in circumference." 

Of St. Columbkille, the same authority says, — "He 
was one of the greatest names in the early ecclesiastical his- 
tory of the British Isles ; was born in Donegal. His father 
was connected with the princes of Ireland and the west of 



40 

Scotland. Among those with whom he studied were St. 

Congall, St. Ciaran, and St. Cainnech. In 546 he founded 

Derry. So conspicuous was his devotion, that he received 

the name of St. Colum-cille, or 'Columba of the Church.' 

In 563, in his forty-second year, he founded the celebrated 

school of lona, on the west coast of Scotland, 

from whence went forth missionaries to the Picts, 

the Scots of Caledonia, the Saxons of Britain, and to 

the pagans of northern Europe. He died at the age of 

seventy-seven, between the 8th and 9th of June, 597. The 

Venerable Bede said of him, 'But whatever sort of person 

he was himself, this we know of him for certain, that he left 

after him successors eminent for their strict continence, 

divine love, and exact discipline.' His life was written by 

one of his successors. .St. Adamnan, 679, and contains the 

most accurate description of the habits and customs of the 

Scots of those times of anv work in existence." 
I'l '' 

"St. Columba, one of the most learned and eloquent of 

the many missionaries whom Ireland sent forth to the con- 
tinent during the Dark Ages, was born in Leinster about 
the year 545; studied in the great monastery of Bangor, in 
Ulster : went to France in his forty-fifth year, with twelve 
companions, and founded the monasteries of Annegray, 
Luperiil, and Fontaine^ For rebuking the vices of the Bur- 
gundian court he was expelled from France. He went to 
Lombardy, and founded, in 612, the famous monastery of 
Bobbio, in the Apennines, where he died in November, 615. 
His life, written within a century after his death by Jonas, 
one of his successors, has been repeatedly printed. The 
most complete edition of his works is in Fleming's Collect- 
anea Sacra, published in Louvain in 1667, and now of such 
rarity that a copy sells for about $175." 

He was spoken of in the highest terms by such an 
authority as Guizot. The town of San Columbano, in Lom- 



41 

bardy, takes its name from the Irish monk, as the town and 
canton of St. Gall, in Switzerland, perpetuate the name of 
the most favored of his disciples. From this name of Co- 
lum, Colm, Columba, comes the modern name of ]\Iac- 
Cnllnm, MacCallum, McCullum-more, still common in the 
Highlands ; and it would not be at all surprising if the an- 
cestors of the "great admiral," Christopher Columbus, took 
their surname Columbo from the town named for the Irish 
saint eight hundred and eighty years before the discovery 
of America, and thus perpetuate the memory of the devout 
servant of God in the now glorious name of Columbia. 
Allegri, the celebrated Italian painter, as was the custom, 
took for his surname, when he acquired fame, the cognomen 
of Corregio from the town in which he was born ; and is 
now known to art by that name only. It is therefore not at 
all improbable that the family of the great discoverer ac- 
quired their name in the same manner, and the memory of 
the saint and the great republic are honored alike in the 
poetical name of Columbia. 

An abbey, founded by St. Finbar in Cork in 600, had 
seven hundred scholars (vol. 3, p. 242). 

Of St. Gall mentioned. Chambers says that "he was a 
disciple of St. Columba ; founded the abbey bearing his 
name, in the seventh century, in Switzerland ; one of the 
distinguished band who, in that age, from the various mon- 
asteries of Ireland and the kindred establishments of lona, 
carried the elements of learning and civilization over a large 
part of the continent of Europe. He acquired such fame for 
sanctity by his teaching and example, that on his death 
there arose, in honor of his memory, what in progress of 
time became one of the most celebrated of the many mag- 
nificent establishments of the Benedictine order. The suc- 
cession of abbots from the days of St. Gall is carefully chron- 
icled, and the share which each of them had in the erection 
and enlargement of the monastic buildings. 



42 

"Through their piety and zeal, the Abbey of St. Gall 
became one of the masterpieces of mediaeval architecture ; 
and the genius and skill, which were lavished in its con- 
struction and on the decoration of its halls and cloisters, had 
a large share in developing the Christian art of the period. 
The monks of St. Gall, too, may be reckoned among the 
best friends and preservers of ancient literature. They were 
indefatigable in the collection and transcription of manu- 
scripts, Biblical, patristic, sacred, and profane history — 
classical, liturgical, and legendary. Some of the manu- 
scripts, which are still shown in the library, are monuments 
of the skill and industry of the copyists ; and several of the 
classics, — Ouintilian, Silius Italicus, and Ammianus Mar- 
cellinus, — have been preserved solely through the manu- 
scripts of St. Gall." 

Kind reader, pause here, and reflect. This class — the 
monks — you have been asked to believe were immoral, in- 
dolent, and sensual ; and the race, from whence sprung the 
founder of this illustrious institution, to be incorrigibly 
ignorant, thriftless, and improvident. Think, then, on what 
they have done for you and for mankind, and remember 
that to them and to the professors of religion, the world 
over, whether Catholic or Protestant, the entire credit is 
due for the establishment of the great centres of learning, 
in Rome, Bangor, Cashel, Derry, Armagh, St. Gall, Ox- 
ford, Cambridge, Pavia, Bobbio, Luxeuil, Heidelburg, Dub- 
lin, Paris, Glasgow, Harvard, Yale, Dartmouth, Princeton, 
etc. The Voltaires, Paines, Rosseaus, and men of that ilk, 
have left nothing behind them but their infamous memories 
and their blasphemous writings ; but as long as time rolls 
on, the pious and lasting works of the monks of the "Island 
of Saints" will be eternal memorials of their self-sacrifice, 
love, patient labors, and undying faith in the gospel taught 
by their Lord and Master, Jesus Christ. 



4i 

For those who love to read of the labors performed by 
the men who turned their backs on their homes forever in 
order to follow in the footsteps of their Redeemer, the pages 
of an encyclopaedia will be dry and uninteresting, but in 
Montelambert's "Monks of the West" a feast awaits all who 
can throw bias aside, and study for themselves the 
story of the conversion of their ancestors to the Christian 
faith, by the unceasing labors and fervent faith of the dis- 
ciples of Saints Patrick, Bridget, and Columbkille. 

In the yard of St. Paul's Episcopal church, on Broad- 
way, New York, and in plain view from the sidewalk, are 
three monuments, the most conspicuous in the cemetery, 
erected in memor}' of three men, Irish and Protestant, who 
would, if buried in New Plampshire, be found on the roll 
of illustrious "Scotch-Irishmen," but who were in life proud 
to be known as Irishmen, simply. One of them came here 
before the Revolution, a young man, an of^cer in the Eng- 
lish army ; served in the "old French war," resigned at its 
close, settled in New York state, was one of the first to 
draw his sword for the establishment of the Republic, one of 
the first four brigadiers appointed by congress, and the 
first of the four to die for his adopted country. 

The second was a brother of one whose dying speech 
has been declaimed in every school-house in the land, and 
who barely escaped the gallows for complicity in the strug- 
gle for which his brother was hung. He was kept in 
prison for years, and was finally given his freedom on condi- 
tion of leaving the confines of Britain. He came to New 
York, and, after a long and brilliant practice as an advo- 
cate, died as chancellor of the state. His death took place 
suddenly while in the midst of a plea, and a brass tablet, 
erected by the New York bar, marks the place of his death. 
The third, for an offence similar to that of the second, had 
to leave Ireland, and in the practice of his profession — that 



44 

of medicine — acquired fame and renown equal to his fellow- 
countrymen ; and the stranger, passing by on the busiest 
thoroughfare in the world, involuntarily pauses and pays 
tribute to the memories of General Richard Montgomery, 
Thomas Addis Emmet, and Dr. Macnevin. = The inscrip- 
tions on the monuments tell the story of their deeds as well 
as their love of country. 

In New Hampshire, as early as 163 1, according to the 
military record, the first representative of the Emerald Isle 
m.akes his appearance in the person of "Darby Field, an 
Irish soldier," and one of the first to explore the White 
.Mountains. After him in the Colonial military rolls are 
distinctive Irish names, long before the settlement of Lon- 
donderry, N. H., keeping up the connection until the emi- 
gration of 1719. 

In vol. I, "Provincial Papers," 1641 to 1660, are found 
such -names as Duggan, Dermott, Gibbon, Vaughan, Neal, 
Patrick (minus the Kil or Fitz), Buckley, Kane, Kelly, 
Brian, Healey, Connor, MacMurphy, McPhaedris, Malone, 
Murphy, Corbett, McClary, McMullen, Martin, Pendergast, 
Keilly, McGowan, ]\IcGinnis, Sullivan, and Toole. 

In a company commanded by Captain Gilman in 17 10 
are enrolled the names of Jerry Connor, Daniel Leary, John 
Driscoll, Cornelius Leary, Thomas Leary, Alexander Mc- 
Gowan, Timothy Connor, and Cornelius Driscoll. In 1724 
the names of Hugh Connor, John McGowan, John Carty, 
Patrick Greing, Moses Connor, and John Leary appear. 

To one accustomed to the given names of the Irish 
people, many of the foregoing will sound tolerably familiar. 
In the regiment commanded by Colonel Moore, at the tak- 
ing of Louisburgh, Cape Breton, in 1745, are the following 
names enrolled : Richard Fitzgerald, Roger McMahon, 
John Welsh, Thomas Leary, Daniel Kelly, Daniel Welsh, 
Patrick Gault, Andrew Logan, James McNeil, John Logan,. 



45 

Thomas Haley, John Foy, John McNeil, James McLough- 
lan, James McLeneehan, Nicholas Grace, Richard Kenny, 
Lieut. Richard Malone, Lieut. Samviel Connor, John Mc- 
Murphy, John McLoughlan, Stephen Flood, Henry Ma- 
lone, Jno. Moore, Jno. Griffin, Jos. McGowan, Paul Healey, 
James Moore, Wm. Kelly, Andrew McClary, Thomas Mc- 
Laughlan, John McClary, David Welch, Dennis McLaugh- 
lan, Timothy Farley, James Moloney, William O. Sellaway, 
Jerry Carty, and John O 'Sellaway. How Sellaway came 
by the O' is a puzzle to many, but it is there, and comes 
from the Gaelic pronunciation of O'Sullivan, O'Suilawon. 

In the war beginning at Crown Point and ending with 
the invasion of Canada, 1756 to 1760, are enrolled the names 
of Capt. John Moore, Samuel McDufify, James O'Neal, 
Alexander McClary, John Mitchel, John Logan, Sergt. 
John Carty, Daniel Carty, Samuel Connor, John Flood, 
Edward Logan, Robert McCormick, Jonathan Malone, 
Patrick Strafon, James Kelly, John Kelly, Darby Kelly, 
Capt. James Neal, John McMahon, Lieut. Col. John Hart, 
Quartermaster Bryan McSweeny, Daniel Murphy, Daniel 
Moore, James Moloney, John Ryan, James McMahon, 
John Moloney, John Cunningham, Benjamin Mooney, Wil- 
liam McMaster, William Ryan. Daniel Kelly, John Malone, 
John McGowan, Darby Sullivan, George Madden, Edward 
Welch, James Molloy, Jeremiah Carty, James McLaughlan, 
John McLaughlan, Jeremiah Connor, Jonathan Conner, 
John McCarrill, Capt. Hercules Mooney, Patrick Tobin, 
Michael Johnson, Lieut. John McDufify, Ensign James Mc- 
Duffy, William Kelly, Patrick Clark, Patrick Donnell, Rob- 
ert McKeon, John Driscoll, Daniel Driscoll, John Rowan, 
Dennis Sullivan, John McClennan, Ebenezar Maloon, Dan- 
iel McDufify, John Kenny, John Connolly, John Borland, 
Michael Davis, James Kelly, Joseph Moylan, John Haley, 
Thomas Kennedy, Stephen McConnell, Thomas Laney, 



46 

William Clary, Samuel AlcConnehie, James McMnrphy, 
James Broderick, Robert Rankin, James Connor, Samuel 
]\IcGo\van, Thomas Welch, Clement Grady, Patrick Ma- 
roney, John Lowd, Daniel Driscoll, John Neil, Philip Kelly, 
Daniel Sullivan, Levi Connor, Lieut. McMillan, John Con- 
ner, Stephen Kenny, Samuel Kenny, James Leary, Joseph 
Moloney, Peter Driscoll, John Ennis, Capt. James McGee, 
Michael Moran, Joseph McCarthy, Daniel Murphy, 2d, 
Valentine Sullivan, Peter Flood, John Mooney, Andrew 
McGrady, Major Nathan Healey, and John McGowan. 

Many of these had fought nine years before at the cap- 
ture of Louisburgh, and lived to take part in the War of 
Independence, fifteen years later. How any writer can, 
after looking over a list like this, claim that those who set- 
tled in New Hampshire before the Revolution, and who 
were called L-ish, were simply the descendants of English 
or Scotch who had settled in Ireland, and from thence had 
emigrated to America, is hard to understand. The names 
printed here, both proper and given, are as Irish in ap- 
pearance as those printed on the muster rolls of the Irish 
companies in the Third, Fourth, Eighth, and Tenth New 
Hampshire regiments of volunteers in the Civil War, as 
can plainly be seen on comparing them. 

The names of the Starks,* McKeans, McGregors, Mor- 
risons, McLeans, Cochranes, Nesmyths, etc., more common 
to Scotland, are not written with those mentioned, but on 
the rolls they are printed side by side, as in hfe those who 
bore them touched elbows and marched and fought in all 
of the skirmishes, battles, and engagements, ending only at 
Yorktown, and resulting in the establishment of the Re- 

*The name, Starke, is found in Ireland as far back as the sixteenth century and at later 
periods. The form, Stark, also appears. The latter was borne by Palatines who settled 
in Ireland in 1709 or soon after. These Palatines were German Protestants of the Pala- 
tinate. In the year just mentioned, 1709, seven thousand of them were expelled by the 
French, under Louis XIV. Many of the exiles came to America, some located in 
England, and others settled in Ireland in the counties of Carlow, Limerick, Tipperary, 
Kerry, etc. Reference to them is made in several works, including Fitzgerald and 
MacGregor's History of Ireland. 



47 

public. But there is no doubt that careful research in Irish 
history will find that nearly all of these latter names have a 
Gaelic origin. 

The Scotch MacKeans are not far removed from the 
Irish O'Keans. The Cochranes of the Highlands are not 
strangers to the Corcorans of Munster. The Morrisons of 
Caledonia are akin to the O'Morrisons, MacMorrisons and 
AlacAlurroughs of Ireland, and the well known Ferguson — 
MacFergus — is of the same name as the first Irish-Scottish 
king of Argyle — Fergus, crowned in 503. The O'Lough- 
lans and McLaughlans of Connaught can find an afiinity in 
the !McLachlans of Dundee. The O'Lenaghans, modern 
Linehans of Limerick, can find their kindred, the J\Iac- 
Clannahans, modern Lanahans, on the banks of the Clyde. 
Representatives of both names are well known in this cotm- 
try in the persons of Dr. John Lanahan of Maryland, of the 
Methodist church, and Charles T. McClannahan, the well 
known publisher of Masonic works in New^ York. Whether 
or not Stark is an abbreviation of Starkey is a question to 
be settled by those who bear the name ; but to the unpreju- 
diced reader, without the slightest knowledge of the Gaelic 
language, the similarity can be noticed. 

C)ne of Concord's first schoolmasters, according to Dr. 
Bouton's history, was Patrick Guinlon. Rev. Edward Fitz- 
gerald was pastor of the Presbyterian church, in Worcester, 
in 1725. Maurice Lynch was the first town clerk of- Antrim, 
N. H., one of its most prominent citizens, and, it is recorded, 
a beautiful penman ; Tobias Butler was an associate, also a 
fine scholar and born in Ireland. Capt. Henry Parkinson, 
soldier and teacher, born in Ireland, lived in Canterbury, 
N. H., was quartermaster of Stark's regiment. His epitaph, 
after A'irgil, is cut on his tombstone, in Latin : 

"Hibernia begot me, Columbia nurtured me, 
Nassau Hall taught me. I have fought, I have 
taught. I have labored with my hands." 



48 

But it is not alone in New Hampshire that men of this 
blood were found in those days. They were all over the 
thirteen colonies, meeting the same obstacles through race 
or religious prejudice, but overcoming them in the end. 
Outside of the colonies they filled high positions in Florida 
and Louisiana. O'Donoju in the latter, and O'Reilly 
in the • former, have their memories preserved in 
the archives as royal governors of the two provinces, and 
no colonial ruler was held in higher esteem than the Irish 
Catholic Dongan, governor of New York, under the ill- 
fated James. From the same colony during the Revolution 
went forth Generals Richard Montgomery and James Clin- 
ton — one of Irish birth, the other of Irish parentage. 

In Maine, the five O'Brien brothers, sons of Maurice 
O'Brien, from Cork, immortalized themselves by making 
the first capture on sea after the commencement of hostili- 
ties, and rendered solid service to the country for the 
seven years following. Their descendants are still noted 
men, ship-builders and ship-owners in the "Pine Tree 
State,'"' and have kept the O' to the name for over a hundred 
years, when others were prone to drop it. 

A representative of another of the noted old Irish fam- 
ilies — Kavanagh — was one of Maine's governors ; and a 
son of Governor James Sullivan of Massachusetts — the 
Hon. William Sullivan — was one of the founders and orig- 
inal proprietors of Limerick, Me., named in memory of the 
birthplace of his grandfather, in the south of Ireland. 
Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the last survivor of those wdio 
affixed their names to the immortal Declaration, Bishop 
John Carroll, and Daniel Carroll were good scions of the 
race in the colony of Maryland, the home of the "Maryland 
Line," on whose rolls were many of the well known old 
Milesian names of O'Reilly, MacMahon, O'Neill, O'Brien, 
etc. Thomas Lvnch and Edward Rutledsfe of South Caro- 



49 

lina, George Read and Thomas McKean of Delaware, 
Matthew Thornton of New Hampshire, Thomas Nelson of 
Virginia, George Taylor of Pennsylvania, and James Smith 
were natives of Ireland or of Irish origin. 

One of the first heroes of the navy, and who is gen- 
erally called its father, was Commodore John Barry, an emi- 
grant from Wexford, Ireland. As a man, an olBcer, and a 
citizen, his character was stainless, and a perusal of his life 
will be an interesting study for all who love honesty in pub- 
lic and purity in private life. 

Of the aid rendered the colonies by the Irish in the 
Revolution, the testimony of Joseph Galloway, a Penn- 
sylvania tory, before the English parliament in 1779, bears 
witness. In answer to the question of the nativity of the 
army enlisted in the service of the Continental congress, he 
said, — ''The names and places of their nativity being taken 
down, I can answer the qviestion with precision. They 
were scarcely one-fourth natives of America, — about one- 
half Irish, — the other fourth English and Scotch"* (vol. 
xiii, page 431, British Commons Reports). 

General Robertson, who had served in America twenty- 
four years, swore, — "I remember General Lee telling me 
that he believed half of the rebel army were from Ireland." 
(Ibid., page 303.) 

In July, 1780, the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, of Phil- 
adelphia, or twenty-seven of them, subscribed for the relief 
of the starving patriots at Valley Forge the sum of $103,- 
500. Gen. Stephen Moylan, of the dragoons, was the presi- 
dent of the society, and among those who paid towards the 
fund was George Meade, grandfather of the hero of Gettys- 
burg. In accepting membership in this society. General 
U^ashington wrote to the president. — "I accept with sin- 
gular pleasure the ensign of so worthy a fraternity as that 

*Froni "North American Review," October, 1887. 



so 

of the Sons of St. Patrick, in this city, a society distin- 
guished for the firm adherence of its members to the 
glorious cause in which we are embarked." 

Again : In reply to an address of the Catholics of the 
United States in 1789, Washington said, — "I presume that 
your fellow-citizens will not forget the patriotic part v.hich 
you took in the accomplishment of their revolution and the 
establishment of their government." 

This is strong testimony to the plea that not only were 
there Catholic Irish here before the Revolution, but that 
they were here in large numbers ; and that sympathy 
for the cause of the colonists extended to the Irish in Ire- 
land is evident from the testimony of Governor Johnston, 
in the English house of commons in 1775, when he said, — 
"I maintain that some of the best and wisest men in the 
country are on the side of the Americans, and that in Ire- 
land three to one" are on their side. 

That the delegates to the Continental congress, held in 
Philadelphia, realized the obligation due the people of Ire- 
land, and that they appreciated their friendship and sym- 
pathized with them in the efforts to alleviate their own suf- 
ferings, is evident from the address''' issued from that body 
to the Irish people wherein they say, — "We are desirous, as 
is natviral to injured innocence, of possessing the good 
opinion of the virtuous and humane. We are particularly 
desirous of furnishing you with a true state of our motives 
and objects, the better to enable you to judge of our con- 
duct v»nth accuracy, and determine the merits of the contro- 
versy with impartiality and precision." 

After giving in detail the grievances under which they 
suffered, the monopoly of trade enjoyed and the imposi- 
tion of unjust taxes by the British government, the address 

*This address was directed "To The People of Ireland'' who were greeted as 
" Friends and Fellow Subjects." It was signed, in behalf of the Congress, by John 
Hancock, President. 



51 

goes on to state that they "agreed to suspend all trade with 
Great Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies, hoping by this 
peaceable mode of opposition to obtain that justice from the 
British ministry which had so long been solicited in vain. 
And here permit us to assure you that it was with the ut- 
most reluctance we could prevail upon ourselves to cease 
commercial connection with your island. Your parliament 
had done us no wrong, you had ever been friendly to the 
rights of mankind, and we acknowledge with pleasure and 
gratitude that your nation has produced patriots who have 
nobly distinguished themselves in the cause of humanity 
and America. On the other hand, we are not ignorant that 
the labor and manufactures of Ireland, like those of the silk- 
worm, were of little moment to herself, but served only to 
give luxury to those who neither toil nor spin. We per- 
ceived that if we continued our commerce with you, our 
agreement not to import from Britain would be fruitless, 
and we were, therefore, compelled to adopt a measure to 
which nothing but absolute necessity would have reconciled 
us. It gave us, however, some consolation to reflect that, 
should it occasion much distress, the fertile regions of 
America would afTord you a safe asylum from poverty, and, 
in time, from oppression also — an asylum in which many 
thousands of your countrymen have found hospitality, 
peace, and afHuence, and become united to us by all the ties 
of consanguinity, mutual interest, and affection." 

Continuing, the address in vigorous language describes 
the treachery, cruelty, rapacity, and cowardice of the British 
officials and soldiery, in a strain also familiar to readers of 
Irish history, the murders and bloodshed committed in Ire- 
land by the same soldiery being repeated in New England. 
It closes by saying, — "Accept our most grateful acknowl- 
edgments for the friendly disposition you have alw^ays 
shown toward us. We know that vou are not without 



52 

your grievances, we sympathize with you in your distress, 
and are pleased to find that the design of subjugating us has 
persuaded the administration to dispense to Ireland some 
rays of ministerial sunshine. Even the tender mercies of 
government have long been cruel towards you. In the rich 
pastures of Ireland many hungry parricides have fed, and 
grown strong to labor in its destruction. We hope the 
patient abiding of the meek may not always be forgotten. 

"But we should be wanting to ourselves, we should be 
perfidious to posterity, we should be unworthy that ancestry 
from which we derive our descent, should we submit with 
folded arms to military butchery and depredation to gratify 
the lordly ambition or sate the avarice of a British ministry. 
In defence of our persons and property under actual viola- 
tion, we have taken up arms ; when that violence shall be 
removed and hostilities cease on the part of the aggressors, 
they shall on our part also. For the achievement of this 
happy event we confide in the good offices of our fellow- 
subjects beyond the Atlantic. Of their disposition we do 
not yet despond, aware, as they must be, that they have 
nothing more to expect from the same common enemy than 
the humble favor of being last devoured." 

How prophetic these words have proven can be seen 
by the millions of Irish blood in the United States to-day. 
America has as truly been the asylum and home of the 
descendants of those in Ireland to whom this address was 
made, over one hundred and twenty-five years ago, as it was 
for the thousands of their countrymen at the time it was 
written, and whose efiforts in the War for Independence 
hastened the triumph of the republic. Sir Henry 
Maine has been quoted in regard to the morals of the Irish 
people, and the name of Lecky mentioned. The reader will 
pardon, in an article already too long, an extract from the 
latter. 



53 

In the "History of European Morals," vol. i, he quotes 
from "Wayland's Elements of Moral Science," page 298, 
what will with force apply to the Irish nation : "That is al- 
ways the most happy condition of a nation, and that nation 
is most accurately obeying the laws of our constitution, in 
which the number of the human race is most rapidly in- 
creasing. Now, it is certain that under the law of chastity, 
that is, when individuals are exclusively united to each 
other, the increase of population will be more rapid than 
under any other circumstances." 

Again, in vol. i, p. 153, he writes, — "The nearly uni- 
versal custom of early marriages among the Irish peasantry 
has alone rendered possible that high standard of female 
chastity, that intense and jealous sensitiveness respecting 
female honor, for which, among many failings and some 
vices, the Irish poor have long been pre-eminent in Eu- 
rope." * * * 

"Had the fearful famine which in the present century 
desolated the land, fallen upon a people who thought more 
of accumulating substance than of avoiding sin, multitudes 
might now be living who perished by literal starvation on 
the dreary hills of Limerick or Skibberean." 

"The example of Ireland furnishes us, however, with a 
remarkable instance of the manner in which the influence 
of a moral feeling may act beyond the circumstances that 
gave it birth. There is no fact in Irish history more sin- 
gular than the complete and, I believe, unparalleled absence, 
among the Irish priesthood, of those moral scandals which 
in every continental country occasionally proves the danger 
of vows of celibacy. The unsuspected purity of the Irish 
priest^ in this respect is the more remarkable, because, the 
government being Protestant, there is no special inquis- 
itorial legislature to ensure it, because of the almost un- 
bounded influence of the clergy over their parishioners, and 



54 

also because, if any just cause of suspicion existed, in the 
fierce sectarianism of Irish pubhc opinion it would assur- 
edly be magnified. Considerations of climate are inadequate 
to explain this fact, but the chief cause is, I think, sufficient- 
ly obvious. The habit of marrying at the first development 
of the passions has produced among- the peasantry, from 
whom the priests for the most part have sprung, an ex- 
tremely strong feeling of the iniquity of irregular sexual 
indulgence which retains its power even over those who are 
bound to vows of perpetual celibacy." 

The tribute thus paid to the Irish priesthood of the 
present day is in accord with what he writes of the mission- 
aries of the Scotia of the sixth and tenth centuries. A^ol. 
2, p. 261. 

"The Irish monasteries furnished the earliest and prob- 
ably the most numerous laborers in the field. A great por- 
tion of the north of England was converted by the Irish 
monks of Lindisfarne. The fame of St. Columbanus in 
Gaul, in Germany, and in Italy, for a time even balanced 
that of St. Benedict himself, and the school he founded at 
Luxeuil became the great seminary for mediaeval mission- 
aries, while the monastery he planted at Bobbio continued 
to the present century. The Irish missionary, St. Gall, gave 
his name to a portion of Switzerland which he had con- 
verted, and a crowd of other Irish missionaries penetrated 
to the remotest forests of Germany. The movement which 
began with St. Columba. in the middle of the sixth century, 
was communicated to England and Gaul about a century 
later. During nearly three centuries, and while Europe 
had sunk into the most extreme moral, intellectual, Jjnd po- 
litical degradation, a constant stream of missionaries poured 
forth from the monasteries, who spread the knowledge of 
the cross and the seeds of a future civilization through every 
land from Lombardv to Sweden." 



If more authorities are required to prove that the posi- 
tion taken bv the writer at the outset is sound, the supply 
is simplv inexhaustible. There is less known in this coun- 
try to-dav of the real history of Ireland, of her ancient civil- 
ization, and of the gallant, deathless struggles of her sons 
to preserve their nationalitv, than of the workmen m King 
Solomon's Mines." And if the perusal of these pages 
arouses a spirit of inquiry and research, it is not improbable 
that the descendants of the Londonderry, N. H.. settlers wi 1 
gladlv shatter the corner-stone of the fanciful fabric which 
they have so laboriously constructed. For if they cut the 
Irish off, thev will be guilty of that crime unknown to the 
Romans for 'six hundred years from the foundmg of the 
Eternal City, and, like the poor foundling, will be forever 
io-norant of the author of their being. 

^ The testimony of Lecky is that of an Irish Protestant 
to the virtues of his Catholic countrymen and women His 
conclusions are in accord with those of Sir Henry Mame. 
A comparison, then, between them and their Scotch cousins, 
or between them and the people of any nation on the globe, 
.o far as morals are concerned, will not bring a blush to the 
cheeks of the sons or daughters of the ever-faithful Gael. 
And this is said without a thought of reflecting on the 
morals of any nation under the sun. 

Here then, is evidence sufficient to prove that if, as is 
claimed, the Irish of New Hampshire were "Scotch-Irish 
in the estimation of some writers, or '"Scotch" simply m the 
opinions of others like Mr. Morrison, outside of the Granite 
State the emigrants from Ireland called themselves Irish, 
were known by others as Irish, are set down in history as 
Irish named their towns like their kindred m New Hamp- 
shire" after thei'r homes in Ireland-witness Ulster and 
Tyrone counties, New York; Limerick, Maine; Donegal, 
Pennsylvania; Lvnchburgh, Virginia; Murfreesborough, 



56 

Tennessee. Even New Hampshire has two counties named 
in honor of two men of undoubted Irish blood — SulHvan 
and Carroll; and each of the states bears similar testi- 
mony in the names of persons and places. Gettysburg, of 
historic fame, takes its name from James Gettys, a native 
of Ireland ; and the name of another of the race, O'Hara, the 
Kentucky soldier-poet, is immortalized by the adoption of 
his well known poem, "The Bivouac of the Dead," by the 
government, in having the verses cast in bronze, and placed 
in each of the national cemeteries throughout the land. 

Allen Thorndike Rice, in an article in the "North 
American Review,"for October, 1887, says, — "In the science 
of government the United Kingdom has no right to exult. 
Seven centuries have passed since she overran and annexed 
Ireland, and yet the Irish of to-day hate the United King- 
dom as much as did their fathers who followed the standard 
of Brian Boru. British statesmen and writers have hitherto 
excused their failures to conciliate Ireland by attributing 
them to the incorrigible character of the Celtic race. But 
the same people whom she practically drove into exile by 
the million. — the most ignorant and poorest of her popula- 
tion. — have been absorbed into the American nationality, 
and are not surpassed in their loyalty by the descendants of 
the men of the ]MayfIower." 

According to statistics given by the Army and Navy 
Journal as to the nativity of the men who fought for the 
suppression of the Rebellion, one hundred and forty-four 
thousand tw^o hundred were born in Ireland. Of the num.- 
ber of men serving in the Union army, natives of this coun- 
try, but of Irish parentage, statistics cannot tell, as they are 
set down as Americans, but that the number will largely 
exceed those of Irish birth, all soldiers, either in the East or 
West, well know. 

Among those who were leaders in the great struggle, 



57 

and whose names are well known by every school-boy in 
the nation, were the immortal Sheridan, Meade, Logan, 
Gilmore, Gibbon, J. F. Reynolds of Pennsylvania, Mc- 
Reynolds of Michigan, Smythe of Delaware, Kilpatrick, 
Kearney, Shields, Meagher, Corcoran, R. H. Jackson, 
Lawler, Mulligan, McGinnis ; McNulta of Illinois, Har- 
ney and Sweeney of Missouri, Guiney and Cass of Massa- 
chusetts, Donohoe of New Hampshire, Lytle of Ohio, Geo. 
A. Sheridan, J. C. Sullivan, Egan, and scores of others, all 
of Irish blood. 

It may seen needless to recall either names or events, 
but as Ripe has alluded to it, it is well to mention the fact 
that even in our own day the slander that the people of the 
north of Ireland are superior to those of the other sections 
of the country is heard on the platform, or read in the mag- 
azines or newspapers, and that this assumed superiority is 
due solely to the nationality of the people who are, it is 
claimed, either of Scotch or English origin. Admitting, 
for argument's sake, that the people of the north were 
more intelligent, it would not be at all surprising : they were 
the favored sons of Ireland. The screws might occasionally 
be put on the stubborn Presbyterians, but they could give 
their children an education without violation of legal en- 
actments ; and some of those who were of the English 
Church lived ofif the fat of the land at the expense of the 
rest. But despite these advantages, it is not true that they 
were more thrifty, capable, honest, or moral than their less 
favored brethren. 

It would seem, on investigation, that where the old ele- 
ment had half a chance it went straight to the front, and in 
other countries, relieved of the load it carried in Ireland, it 
held its own with elements more favored by law or custom. 

Within a half of a century we have seen a Nugent 
commander-in-chief of the Austrian army, and a Taafe 



58 

premier of the empire ; an O'Donnell ruling the destinies 
of Spain, and under his leadership its armies winning new 
laurels from their ancient enemies, the Moors, and a ducal 
coronet for their general ; a MacMahon marshal of France, 
and president of the French republic; a Pendergast repre- 
senting her most Christian majesty as governor-general of 
Cuba ; a Lynch commander of the combined land and naval 
forces of Chih, and reviving in his person the glories 
achieved by O'Higgins, the liberator. Under the English 
government, those of the race who were favored by birth, 
who preferred place above love of country, or who were of 
the dominant faith, proved themselves fully equal to their 
more favored associates of English, Scotch, or Welsh birth, 
— Bourke, Eord Mayo, governor-general of the Indias ; 
John Pope Hennessy, governor of Hong Kong; the Earl 
of Dufferin, governor-general of Canada ; Sir Hastings 
Doyle, governor of Nova Scotia ; Lord Wolseley, com- 
mander-in-chief of the English army ; Daniel Maclise, the 
painter; Foley, the sculptor; Sir Charles Barry, the archi- 
tect of the houses of parliament ; Leech and Doyle, the 
artists of the London Punch ; Michael Balfe and William 
Vincent Wallace, the operatic composers ; Sullivan, of 
"Pinafore" fame ; and many others, are among those who 
have won distinction in England or in her colonies. 

In Ireland, O'Connell, and those who followed him, 
in the face of the most adverse circumstances, soon 
drew even from their opponents respect as well as fear, 
and the home of the race has no reason to grieve for the 
future of its sons. Parnell and his associates, O'Brien, 
Healey, O'Connor, Harrington, Dillon, O'Gorman. Egan, 
Brennan, and the balance of the noble band fighting for 
Home Rule, achieved the greatest moral victory that 
can be found in history ; and this has been accomplished 
not alone by their patriotism, pluck, and eloquence, but by 
the honesty, sincerity, and purity of their lives. 



59 

In the United States the record of the race is still more 
marked ; and among those who won imperishable honor in 
the War for the Union the Irish element need not take the 
second place. From the first Bull Run down to the day 
when the last shot was fired at the close of the w^ar, Irish 
blood matted many a gory field, Irish valor brightened 
many dark hours, and the genius of sons of Irishmen turned 
more than one engagement from certain defeat into victory. 
Sheridan, the son of an emigrant from Ireland, later rose to 
command the army of the republic, and Rowan became 
second in command of the navy. Charles O'Conor, of the 
old historic clans of the west of Ireland, some years since 
stepped down from the pedestal, where he w-as placed by 
the unanimous voice of his associates of the American bar, 
to respond to the last call of nature. 

John McCuUough and Lawrence Barrett, on the Ameri- 
can stage, in their i3ersons revived the glories achieved by 
the Sheridans, Quinns, O'Neals,. Powers, and scores of 
others in days gone by. Richard O'Gorman, Hon. James 
T. Brady, Judge John R. Brady, Hon. Charles P. Daly, 
Judge William C. Barrett, and Judge Donaghue, all of Nevi' 
York city, have been too well known to require but the 
bare mention of their names. John Lee Carroll, recently 
governor of J\Iaryland, a grandson of the immortal signer, 
and A. P. Gorman, U. S. senator from the same state, are 
good types of the race in that proud old state. John Roach 
w-as removed by death from the head of the ship-builders of 
the nation. William Corcoran, of Washington, and Eugene 
Kelly, of New York, represented the race among the bank- 
ers, as Hon. William R. Grace does among the great ship- 
ping houses. 

Kiernan from New York, Sewall from New Jersey, 
Jones of Florida, Farley of California, Kenna of West Vir- 
ginia, and Mahone of Mrginia, in the United States senate ; 



6o 



and O'Neal, Kelly, Lynch, Curtin, AIcAdoo, Collins, 
O'Donnell, AlacAIahon, Lawler, and Foran, in the house of 
representatives, are but a few of the many who have dis- 
tinguished themselves in congress. Very few of those named 
sprung from north of Ireland stock ; but the few who did 
would feel insulted to be called "Scotch-Irish." 

From Irish stock come neither socialists nor anarchists, 
degeneration nor decay, physically or mentally ; and the 
vivacity, elasticity, vigor, and strength of this old but ever 
young people will contribute largely to make the future 
American the best type of man, physical and intellectual, 
that has yet been produced through God's furnace from the 
mixture of races. 



HOW THE IRISH CAME AS BUILDERS 
OF THE NATION. 



•yO the lover of history no subject can be of more 
mterest than that treating of the origin of this 
republic, the development of its institutions and the 
gradual unification of the various races contributing 
to its population. One of our earliest historical writers 
has said that America is simply Europe transplanted, be- 
cause, in the main, its people are descended from the colon- 
ists and immigrants who came here from that portion of 
the globe. 

Washington, Lafayette, Steuben and Pulaski were 
noble types of the contributions of the English, the French, 
the German and the Polish elements, as those whose names 
I will mention later were fitting representatives of the land 
of St. Patrick. 

The reputed voyages of Irish explorers to America 
centuries before the advent of Columbus is a subject now 
attracting more interest and study than ever before. Among 
those who have reverently considered the Irish claims in 
this respect may be mentioned Humboldt, Usher, Rafn, 
Yon Tschudi, Otway, Bancroft, Butterfield, De Roo and 
other scholarly people! But I do not intend to dwell upon 
that point at this time, preferring to leave it for a future 
paper. 

Coming down to the period of positive history, we 
know that Irish emigration to this country began long be- 
fore the so-called "Scotch-Irish" movement to these shores 
—fully 75 or lOO years before. Even in New Hampshire, 



62 

people bearing East, West and South of Ireland names 
were found as far back as 1641-1660. There is little doubt 
that many of these early comers were, in creed, Roman 
Catholics when they arrived here. It is not necessary, at 
this time, to discuss the anti-Catholic laws prevailing in the 
colonies at that and later periods. The Protestant Irish 
who subsequently came to these shores have, for some years 
past, been referred to by a certain class of writers as 
"Scotch-Irish." Some of these writers are manifestly biassed 
and deliberately ignore well known historical facts. Others 
are honest enough, but poorly informed on the subject.* 
Of late, the advocates of the shibboleth have begun to 
realize how ridiculous it is to call these Irish Protestants 
"Scotch-Irish," but forthwith proceed to make themselves 
still more ridiculous by calling them, instead, "pure Scotch." 

In histories of New Hampshire towns colonized by 
emigrants from Ireland, an attempt has been made by the 
writers to draw a distinction between what they term the 
"Scotch-Irish" and the Irish. The former were, according 
to their theories, pure Scotch, mainly from the Lowlands, 
of Saxon origin, who had emigrated to Ireland, keeping 
themselves clear from all contact with the native Irish, 
from whom they differed in language, blood, morals, and 
religion, and from these people were sprung the founders 
of Londonderry, Antrim, Dublin, etc., in New Hampshire. 

There is no evidence whatever to show that the orig- 
inal settlers held any such opinions of themselves. The 
first pastor. Rev. Mr. McGregor,! bore not a Lowland name, 

*As illustrating the sympathy existing between the people of Scotia Major and Scotia 
Minor may be cited an important fact in connection with the battle of Clontarf. This 
latter event took place near Dublin, Ireland, A. D. 1014. The Irish army of about 20,000 
men was commanded by Brian, the Irish monarch, then eighty-eight years of age. The 
Danish host approximated 21,000 men. In Brian's ranks that day valorously fought the 
Great Stewards of Lennox and Mar who were present with their forces from Scotland and 
materially contributed to the Irish victory which ensued. 

t Many surnames that are commonly supposed, in the United States, to have originated 
in Scotland, and to be exclusively Scottish, are really of old Irish origin and were first 
borne in Ireland. O'Hart in his work on Irish Pedigrees ' Fifth Edition, Vol. II. Dublin, 
1892), states that the following Scotch families, among others, are of Irish origin, their 



but, on the contrary, one of the proudest Highland names ; 
and mixed with the first comers were a great many who 
must, from the character of their names, have been of the 
old Irish stock, thus proving that this theory of not 
mingling with the Irish has no solid foundation. The com- 
position of the Charitable Irish Society, Boston, Mass., is 
perhaps the best evidence of the truth of this statement. 
Their names show that they were Irish of the mixed race, 
Irish, English, and Scotch, and from first to last considered 
themselves Irish, without prefix or affix. 

The bulk of the English in England were Episcopalians, 
nearlv all of the dissenters in New England were Puritans. 
The love existing between the Puritans and the Episco- 
palians was certainly no warmer than that between the 
Scotch Presbyterian and the Irish Catholic. It has been 
claimed that Scotland, especially the Lowlands, had been 
peopled largely by Danes and Saxons ; a statement history 
sustains, but not to the extent as to aft'ect either the nation- 
ality or customs of the Scots. Precisely a like condition of 
affairs prevailed during the same period in Ireland, the 
blood of the Irish people being mixed with that of the 
Saxons and Danes, who acquired possession before the 
Reformation of the greater part of the seacoast of Ireland, 
with the addition of the French Norman blood, very little 
of which mingled with that of the people of Scotland, so 
that it can be said, excepting the Normans, the mixture of 
bloods was the same in the two countries. 

\\'riters addicted to the cant term, "Scotch-Irish." 
would have us believe that the native Irish were all driven 
out of the province of Ulster, at the time of the "planta- 

ancestors at an early period having peopled Gallowav and Argyle from Ireland : Camp- 
bell, Colquhoun Lamont, MacAUister, MacArthur, MacCallum, MacCrory, :Macponald, 
MacDougall. MacGregor, MacLachlin, MacLean, MacXeal, MacQuary etc. The name 
MacGreeor has, in some instances been changed to Gregorson, ^z. f. MacGregor — son ot 
Gregor- Gregorson;. Grierson, Grier and Greer. The Greers of Sea Park, Larrickfergus 
Ireland, are descended in the male line from the Highland Clan MacA pin (which was of 
Irish ancestry), and in the female line from the old Irish Clan O'Carroll, of Ely O Carroll. 



64 

tion," and their places taken by Scotch and EngHsh, who 
were planted on the confiscated estates, and who kept aloof 
from those who had been dispossessed, not inter-marrying 
or associating in any way with them, and from those people 
were descended the Irish who began to come over here in 
i7i8-'20, and who were only Irish in name, being the off- 
spring of English and Scotch, and properly known as 
"Scotch-Irish." This sort of reasoning on the part of the 
writers mentioned is simply nonsensical. 

The character of the names of these people, or of many 
of them, illustrious in American history, could be easily de- 
termined by any student of philology, or of nomenclature, 
but fortunately there is another authority which tells a dif- 
ferent story of the Ulster plantation, and one which can- 
not be well gainsaid. In a footnote to page 90, volume i, 
Reid's "History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland," the 
author declares that "The extent of the forfeited lands as 
stated by Pynnar was about 400,000 acres ; of these 100,000 
were granted for church, school and corporation lands, about 
60,000 were granted to the native Irish, and the remaining 
240,000 were disposed of to the British undertakers or col- 
onists, the majority of Vv'hose tenants were also Irish, the 
original inhabitants of Ulster. These facts it is necessary 
to bear in mind, as Roman Catholic, and sometimes Protes- 
tant writers, represent the forfeited lands as cornprising the 
whole of the six counties, and speak of the colonization of 
Ulster as having dispossessed and displaced the entire 
native population of the province." If Reid gives the cor- 
rect figures, and there is no reason to doubt it, the popula- 
tion of Ulster after the planting differed but little except in 
religion from that of the other parts of Ireland. There is 
every reason to believe that many of the native Irish be- 
came, in time, Presbyterians, being deprived by law of the 
ministrations of their own religion, and surrounded by 
everv influence hostile to the faith of their fathers. 



65 

It is a well known historical fact that the Normans, 
Saxons, Danes, Germans and Huguenots, who had been 
colonized in Ireland, became in time, as the saying goes, 
more Irish than the Irish themselves, and for this, the Eng- 
lish government was almost wholly responsible. The first 
generation of these people born in Ireland were treated no 
better than the Irish, and the result was, all united against 
the common enemy, England. At various periods in its 
history, and in many rebellions that have taken place since 
the Norman conquest, none have fought harder or suffered 
more under the English government than this mixed race, 
which had, as a rule, more property to plunder than the 
older stock, who had been despoiled of their ancestral acres 
generations before. 

About the first arrival of these people in New England 
in any considerable numbers was in 1718, when over 100 
families came to Boston,— Mass. Of these a few went to 
Worcester, but were looked upon with disfavor by the resi- 
dents of that town, and when ten years later a Presbyterian 
church was erected it was torn down in the night by the 
Congregationalists, and not a stick of timber was to be 
found the next morning. Being Irish, they were looked 
upon in the same light as the Irish Catholics were many 
years later. 

A second party went to Falmouth, Me., remaining over 
winter. They were in a destitute condition, and an appro- 
priation was made for their relief by the general court, 
which styled them the "poor Irish." The following year 
they came to New Hampshire, and founded the town of 
Londonderry,* and for a long time they were annoyed and 

* Londonderry, Ireland, from which Londonderry, N. H., takes its name, was bestowed, 
at the time of the Plantation of Ulster, upon twelve London Companies or Guilds, i. e. 
the Mercers, Grocers tin part), Drapers, Fishmongers, Goldsmiths, Skinners, Clothwork- 
ers, Merchant Tailors, Haberdashers, Salters, Ironmongers, and Vintners. The district 
tiius set apart included four baronies, of which three had constituted the old county of 
Coleraine. From these and other sections was evolved the present county of Londonderry, 
within which is the city of the name. This district became known as the " Londoners' 
Plantation." 



66 

persecuted by the English settlers of Haverhill, Mass., and 
it was not until they were found useful as Indian fighters 
that the persecution ceased, though the prejudice against 
them on account of their nationality lasted for years. 

Every mention of these people in the early history of 
New Hampshire styles them "Irish," and there was good 
reason for it, for there was not a typical name representing 
the old Gaelic or Norman Irish that cannot be found in the 
Irish settlements of that day, and they are as common now 
in New Elampshire and in other states among the descen- 
dants of the first immigrants as they are in Ireland. From 
1 718 to the outbreak of the revolution the Irish had in- 
creased so rapidly that Londonderry, the parent settlement, 
was the most populous town in the colony, and all the new 
towns settled by them were thrifty and progressive. 

The London Spectator said New England was uncon- 
genial to these "Puritan Irish," but in no state of the Union 
has the element left its mark so indelibly as in New Hamp- 
shire, the descendants of the "Puritan Irish" filling the high- 
est positions in the state and the nation. A glance at the 
pages of the provincial records and of the revolutionary 
rolls of New Hampshire will surprise many of those 

SpeakiDg of the city of Derry, a recent writer says : "The old town at tlie mouth of 
the Foyle is a good deal now talked of, and people appear doubtful whether to call it 
Derry, Londonderry or the Maiden City.' In the very old times, when there was no 
town to be christened that area now included within the walls was surrounded by the river 
and densely covered by oaks. An oak tree wood or forest is called in Irish doire, and 
hence the name Derry, the old Irish original name. In the sixth century St. Columbkille 
founded an abbey in the place, and this formed the commencement of the town which 
grew up round the abbey. The church attached to the abbey for the use of the public was 
called teamful iiior, the great church, and hence the name of the parish in which the city 
is situated is still called Templemore. About the ninth century the place was called, in 
memory of the great founder of the abbey and town, Derry Columbkille, and this was its 
name for several hundred years. 

In the beginning of the seventeenth century a body of English colonists, principally 
from London, were sent to settle in the district. They received their very liberal charter of 
rights in 1613, and it was then that we first find the place called London-derry. During 
the Civil War of 1641 the Roundheads held the city against the Royalists or .Stuarts, who 
failed to take it. And in 1689 the Williamites held it against James II The prefix " Lon- 
don " was allowed to drop even by the first descendents of the London colonists them- 
selves, but may be used of course by anyone who is proud of the Londonizing of the place. 
Derry is the correct name, therefore, and indeed there are few Derrymenwho call it by any 
other name." 

Rev. James MacSparran, an Irish Protestant clergyman of Rhode Island, writing in 
1752 and referring to the New Hampshire settlement says; "In this province lies that 
town called London-Derry, all Irish, and famed for industry and riches." 



67 

writers who are so fond of denying to the Irish any credit 
for what is due them for their services during the periods 
named, but the names are there, speaking for themselves. 

The fact that a Masonic lodge was early instituted 
at Portsmouth, N. H., and named in honor of Ireland's 
patron saint, as well as that Stark's rangers, on one oc- 
casion, demanded an extra ration of grog in order to cele- 
brate St. Patrick's day properly, proves that the customs 
and traditions of the old land were still kept up, more than 
a generation after the "Puritan Irish" made their appear- 
ance in the province. 

The greater part of the families mentioned remained in 
Boston, and in 1730 built what is called the Presbyterian 
Church of Long Lane. The first pastor of this church was 
Rev. John Moorehead. Seven years later, on the 17th of 
March, 1737, twenty-six of the "Puritan Irish" remaining in 
Boston, all members of this church, met, and, like their 
countrymen in New Hampshire, celebrated St. Patrick's 
day. Organizing a benevolent association, they named it 
the "Irish Society," better known now as the Charitable 
Irish Society. Every name of the twenty-six original mem- 
bers were of the same character as those in the London- 
derry settlement in New Hampshire, among them being 
the father and two uncles of Gen. Henry Knox ;* the general 
and his son were afterwards members. 

Irishmen of Scotch, English and old Irish descent, as 
the names denote, are borne on the rolls of the society from 
the first, but no man was eligible for membership unless he 
was born in Ireland or in some part of the British dominion, 
of Irish parentage. This is most conclusive evidence that 
these men considered themselves Irish. No Scotchman 



* Knox,— A name derived from an old Irish source. In the Irish Parliament, 1797, were 
four bearers of the name. Two of them were in the House of Lords and two in the 
Commons. The former were the Bishop of Killaloe and Viscount Northland. The two 
in the Irish House of Commons were Hon. George Knox and Hon. Thomas Knox. Gen. 
Henry Knox of the American Revolution was not only a member of the Charitable Irish 
Society, Boston, but also of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, of Philadelphia. 



68 

could be admitted to membership,, and the seal of the so- 
ciety bore the arms, not of Scotland, but of Ireland. Rev. 
John Aloorehead. the first pastor of the Presbyterian 
church, was among the earlier members. 

To this association belonged the principal Irish resi- 
dents of Boston, and an index to the friendly feeling always 
existing in that -place between the Catholics and Protestants 
of Irish origin is the fact that for over lOO years a clergy- 
man of both churches has been the guest of the society at 
each anniversary. When Gen. John McNeil, one of the 
descendants of the Londonderry colony, was collector of 
P'oston, in 1830, he was admitted to membership, and when 
President Andrew Jackson* visited Boston, in 1833, he was 
greeted by the society, and in response to the address of 
welcome, he said : "I feel grateful, sir, at this testimony of 
respect shown me by the Charitable Irish Society of this 
city. It is wnth great pleasure that I see so many of the 
countrymen of my father assembled on this occasion. I 
have always been proud of my ancestry and of being de- 
scended from that noble race." 

Of the eighty-three soldiers holding the commissions 
of major or brigadier generals in the Continental army at 
least nineteen were born in Ireland or in America of Irish 
parentage. Their names and rank were Major Generals 
John Sullivan, Richard Montgomery, Henry Knox and 
Thomas Conway (Conway and Montgomery w^ere born in 
Ireland), and Brigadier Generals Edward Hand, Andrew 
Lewis, John Armstrong, Stephen Moylan. William Irvine, 
John Hogan, William Maxwell, William Thompson, George 
Clinton, James IMoore, Anthony Wayne. James Clinton, 
Daniel Morgan, Joseph Reed and Roche de Fermoy. Of 
these fifteen, nine were born in Ireland. The character of 



* Jackson was a member of the Hibernian Society, Philadelphia, joining the organ- 
ization in 1819. His membership certificate is still in existence. 



69 

the names denotes the. mixture of races, but from the fact 
that the greater part belonged to the Friendly Sons of St. 
Patrick and the Hii)ernian Society of Philadelphia it is quite 
clear tliat they considered themselves plain Irish, without 
the prefix so beloved by the anti-Irish writers. 

Among the governors of Irish birth, or of Irish origin, 
during the colonial or revolutionary periods were David 
Dunbar and John Sullivan of New Hampshire ; Thomas 
Dongan and George Clinton of New York ; James Sullivan 
of Massachusetts ; John Houston, John Martin and Peter 
Early of Georgia ; John McKinley, Thomas Collins, John 
ColHns and Joseph Haslett of Delaware ; John Hart of 
Maryland ; James Logan, George Bryan, William Moore, 
Joseph Reed and Thomas McKean* of Pennsylvania, James 
Moore, John Rutledge and Edward Rutledge of South 
Carolina ; Matthew Rowan and Thomas Burke of North 
Carolina, and William Welsh and William Patterson of 
New Jersey. 

Among those of the same stock who have been gov- 
ernors of states since 1800 were John Murphy, Gabriel 
Moore, Hugh McVay, Benjamin Fitzpatrick, Andrew B. 
Moore and Edward O'Neal of Alabama ; John A. Gurly and 
Richard McCormick of Arizona ; James S. Conway, John S. 
Roane, Harris Flannegan and Isaac Murphy of Arkansas ; 
Stephen W. Kearney, John G. Downey and Bennet Riley 
of California ; Joseph Haslett of Delaware ; Wilson S. Shan- 
non, John W. Geary and Thomas (^arney of Kansas ; John 
Adair of Kentucky ; Edward Kavanagh and Selden Con- 
nor of Alaine ; Daniel Martin, T. K. Carroll and John Lee 
Carroll of Maryland ; Benjamin F. Butler and Thomas Tal- 
bot of Massachusetts ; John S. Barry of Michigan ; Willis 
A. Gorman and A. P. McGill of Minnesota ; Charles Lynch 



* A signer of the Declaration of Independence ; first President of the Hibernian Society, 
of Philadelphia. 



70 

and William L. Sharkey of Mississippi ; Thomas Francis 
Meagher of Montana ; William O. Butler and David Butler 
of Nebraska ; Stephen W. Kearney and Henry Connolly of 
New Mexico ; Reuben E. Fenton of New York ; Wilson 
Shannon and Thomas L. Young of Ohio ; William Findlay, 
James Pollock, Andrew G. Curtin and John W. Geary of 
Pennsylvania, George McDuffee, Pierce M. Butler, Patrick 
Noble, B. K. Hannegan, William Aiken, A. G. McGrath 
and James L. Orr of South Carolina ; James McKinn and 
William Carroll of Tennessee. 

Among the same stock in the United States senate 
were \A'illiam Kelley, John McKinley, Gabriel Moore and 
Benjamin Fitzpatrick of Alabama; Solon Burland, William 
S. Fulton and Stephen W. Dorsey of Arkansas ; David G. 
Broderick, John Conness, Cornelius Cole, Eugene Casserly 
and J. T. Farley of California ; James Shields of Illinois, 
Minnesota a:nd Missouri (Shields was the only man thus far 
in the history of the nation to represent three separate states 
in the United States senate) ; John A. Logan of Illinois ; 
Robert Hanna and Edward Hannegan of Indiana ; James 
I-iarlan of Iowa; John Adair, William F. Barry, William 
Logan and John Rowan of Kentucky ; Alexander Porter of 
Louisiana ; A. P. Gorman and Anthony Kennedy of Mary- 
land.; Thomas Fitzgerald and Lucius Lyon of INIichigan ; 
James G. Fair of Nevada; William J. Sewall of New Jer- 
sey; George and DeWitt Clinton, Reuben E. Fenton and 
Francis L. Kernan of New York ; James R. Kelley of Ore- 
gon ; Pierce Butler, A. B. Butler and M. C. Butler of South 
Carolina ; James W. Flannegan and John H. Regan of 
Texas ; Andrew Moore and William Mahone of Virginia. 

Thirty-three years after the formation of the Irish So- 
ciety of Boston seventeen persons, all of Irish birth or ex- 
traction, met at the Burns Tavern, in Philadelphia, March 
17, 1771, and organized "the Society of the Friendly Sons 



of St. Patrick," for friendly, social and convivial intercourse. 
Like the Boston Society, none but natives of Ireland or 
lliose of Irish extraction were eligible for membership. It 
had an honorary membership, limited to ten members at 
any one time. It has been often asserted and never contro- 
verted, "that no equal number of men in any of the 
thirteen colonies contributed more to the success of the 
Revolution than did the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick of Phil- 
adelphia. Nearly every member engaged in the strife, at 
one time or another, either on land or sea. One of them 
published the first daily paper in the colonies, the Pennsyl- 
vania Packet and General Advertiser. He was the first to 
print and publish the Declaration of Independence. A sec- 
ond wrote the Declaration from the first rough draft of 
Jefiferson, and another member was the first to re^id it to 
the people from one of the windows of Independence Hall. 
A memorable fact, and one worthy of record, is that out of 
the membership of eighty-three "Sons, of St. Patrick" 
twelve of them attained the rank of general in the War of 
Independence. 

It is a well known fact that on the formation of parties 
under the administration of Washington, Jefferson, as a 
rule, looked to the Irish for support, and was not disap- 
pointed, as nearly all of that blood. Catholic ^and Protestant, 
followed the leadership of the axithor of the Declaration of 
Independence. Their influence was used successfully to 
secure the aid of the newly-arrived immigrants of their own 
blood ; while the only way the Federalists could counteract 
this influence was by removing the disabilities of the hated 
tories. in order to secure their votes. 

There was not a charge made against the Irish in the 
Know-Nothing campaign of 1854-5 but what was simply a 
repetition of what was said against the Irish of 1800, before 
and after the passage of the alien and sedition law, and as in 



72 

1 854-55' while legislation was ostensibly aimed against all 
foreigners, in reality it was intended only for the Irish. So 
under John Adams, while the alien and sedition law was on 
the surface designed to affect all classes of citizens, it was 
enacted especially to head off the Irish; the Hne was not 
drawn between the Catholic and Presbyterian Irishmen, for 
all were abused indiscriminately, the familiar epithets of 
"bog-trotters" and "wild Irishmen" being freely applied to 
all. 

The same cause that united the Irish in Ireland in 1798, 
self protection, united their kindred in America in 1800. 
Catholic priest and Presbyterian minister in Philadelphia 
stood shoulder to shoulder, opposing the passage of a law 
aimed, they knew, directly at their own race. The bill be- 
came a law, and the student of history is well aware of what 
occurred until the success of JefTersoti brought about its 
repeal. Matthew Lyon, one of the truest types of the Irish 
Gael, hot-headed, brave and impulsive, was the first victim 
under its operation. He was a member of congress from 
Vermont, and for criticizing the course of the administra- 
tion was fined and imprisoned. Thomas Addis Emmet was 
obliged to linger many weary months in an English prison, 
after the execution of his brother, because Rufus King, 
minister to England, would not give him a passport, as re- 
quired by the alien law, to come to America. 

At the time of this trouble John Barry was cruising off 
the West India Islands in command of a squadron of nine 
vessels. He was one of the first commodoH'es in theAmeri- 
can navy, a native of the county of Wexford. Ireland, and a 
Catholic in religion, and Matthew Lyon of Vermont was in 
the national house of representatives defending his native 
land and the men of his race from the aspersions cast on 
both by men of English blood. The situation was the same 
all over the country. The Americans of Irish blood, with 



7Z 

few exceptions, were ardent followers of Jefferson against 
the federalists. In New Plampshire Gen. John Sullivan, and 
in Massachusetts his brother, Gov. James Sullivan, were 
ardent republicans. 

In the colony of Georgia, as early as 1768, the colonial 
authorities, desiring to attract settlers to the province, 
passed an act to encourage immigration, appropriating the 
sum of £1800 for the benefit of those who availed them- 
selves of its provisions. Under this law many Irish people 
came over, the government providing homes for them in 
the fork of Lambert creek and the great Ogeechee river. 
This locality was known as the "Irish settlement," and con- 
tained 270 families, nearly all Irish. Three years previous 
to their coming, in 1765, the name St. Patrick was given 
to one of four new parishes organized in the province, a 
proof that here were many of the same nationality in 
Georgia before the founding of this distinctive "Irish settle- 
ment." 

In the struggle for independence these Georgia Irish, 
like their kindred in Pennsylvania and New Hampshire, 
were identified with the patriots, and among those who 
were active participants were men bearing the names of 
O'Brien, Houston, Keating, Dooley, Bryan, Gibbon, Ryan, 
Butler, Maxwell, Moore, Carr, etc. John Houston, son of 
Patrick Houston, was the first governor, under the consti- 
tution, and Capt. Patrick Carr was the best known partisan' 
fighter in the state, filling the same position in Georgia that 
Marion did in Scuth Carolina. 

In the colony of Virginia, befo]^ and during the revolu- 
tionary period, men bearing Irish names were prominent in 
military and civil life. There was hardly one of the great 
Gaelic names of Ireland that had not representatives in the 
Old Dominion, and there was not an engagement either be- 
tween the settlers and the Indians, and the patriots and the 



74 

English, that the Virginia Irish were not in the forefront of 
the battle. 

Col. John Fitzgerald was Washington's favorite 
aide. ]\Iaj. Connolly was in command at Fort Duquesne 
in 1774. Col. George Croghan was the greatest Indian 
trader and the most noted man of his day in the country. 
The defense of Fort Stephenson by his son, Maj. Croghan, 
is the most thrilling episode in American history. Col. 
Donnally has command at Greenbriar in 1781. Maj. 
Magill was in command of a battalion of Virginia militia be- 
fore Yorktown in 1781. Maj. Lynch was in command of 
another battalion at the same time. Maj. William Groghan 
was a prisoner in the hands of the British in 1781, and beg- 
ging for an exchange, in order to get back to his regiment. 
Capt. John O'Bannon commanded a battalion at W^illiams- 
burg in 1781. Col. Charles Lynch was one of the best- 
known \"irginia field oflficers during the War of Indepen- 
dence. Col. Hugh McGarry was another who distinguished 
himself in the same contest. Col. John McElhaney, a field 
ofificer of the Continental army, was a resident of Rock- 
bridge county in 1792, and Capt. John Brannan was in Nor- 
folk in 1792. 

Massachusetts had received, before the Revolution, a 
fair proportion of the Irish, for which the race has received 
but little credit. Up to 1640, about 21,000 immigrants in 
all had arrived in New England. After that date, historians 
say that more people moved out than into it. The addition 
of the Scotch, the Irish, the Acadians, who had been torn 
from their homes, and the French Huguenots, all prolific 
races, was of more moment than historians care, as a rule, 
to acknowledge, but an examination of the old town records 
Avill prove the truth of this statement. The chronicles of the 
town of Boston, Mass., are full of enactments to keep the 
Irish out, but it was found to be impossible. They would 



75 

come despite the prejudice, for Massachusetts was the most 
progressive of the colonies, and these people, or many of 
them, being artisans, spinners, weavers, shoemakers, rope- 
makers, etc., their labor became welcome, and a compro- 
mise was made by obliging those of them who were well- 
to-do to furnish bonds for their poorer countrymen and 
women, to the end that they would not become public 

charges. 

From 1635, when the name of John Kelley, who was 
born in England, of an Irish father, appears on the records 
of the town of Newbury, Mass., down to the outbreak of the 
War for .Independence, the following names, all distinctively 
Irish, appear in the town records of Massachusetts, the 
majority being found in the early records of Boston: 
Kelly, Butler, O'Brien, Nolin, McCue, Mulligan, McDon- 
nell, Murtough, Carroll, Mahoney, McMahon, McCarthy, 
McGowan, Hart, Donahoe, Rankin, Cogan, Kenny, Heffer- 
nan, Healey, Hayes, O'Neal, Noonan, Reardon, GrifiPin, Lo- 
gan, Lawier, McDonough, Phelan, McGuire, Larkin, 
Walsh, McGee, McGlenaghan, Byrne, Copponger, Condon, 
Callahln, Dougherty. Daily, Fitzgerald, Farrell, Foley, 
Gorman, Geoghegan, Lahey, Maloney, Hogan, Cahill, 
Quigley, Mahoney. Feeney, Nugent. Dooley, Doyle, Lynch, 
Connor, McGuinness, Egan, Brady, McNamara, Connell, 
Mooney, Moore, Murphy, Ryan, Welch, Fitzpatrick, Con- 
nolly, Looney, Sullivan, Carney, O'Kelly, Driscoll, Keefe, 
Burke, Harney, Whalan, Shannan and many others. 

The McCarthy family appears in the records of Boston 
as early as 1666, Thaddeus McCarthy being the first of the 
family.' His son, Florence McCarthy, was one of the f^rst 
men in Boston in his day, a dealer in provisions, filling a 
position similar to that of John P. Squire of a later day. His 
son, Capt. William McCarthy, was the best known ship- 
owner in Boston, and his son, Rev. Thaddeus McCarthy, a 
graduate of Harvard College, was pastor of the First Church 



76 

in Worcester for thirty-seven years. He was the father of 
fifteen children. His brother, Capt. Wilham McCarthy, 
was the quartermaster of Col. Bigelow's 15th Massachu- 
setts regiment in the Revolutionary War, and his son, Dr. 
Thaddeus McCarthy, was a noted medical practitioner in 
Fitchburg and Keene, N. H. At the former place he had a 
hospital, which contained at one time 800 patients. This is 
a good record for one family, which cannot well be called 
"Scotch-Irish." 

As early as 1780 and 1790, John Sullivan, Patrick Con- 
nor and Michael McCarney were associated in the manu- 
facture of paper at Dorchester, Mass. 

Michael Walsh, an Irish schoolmaster, was a teacher 
at Marblehead, Mass., and vicinity, in 1792, Judge Story 
being one of his pupils. He was the author of a "Mercan- 
tile Arithmetic"' and a "New System of Bookkeeping," pub- 
lished in 1826. 

The best known of the Irish school teachers in New- 
Hampshire were John Sujlivan, Henry Parkinson. Hum- 
phrey Sullivan, Benjamin Evans and Patrick Guinlon. 

Gen. jNIichael Farley was one of the leading men in 
Ipswich, Mass., and had three sons in the Continental army. 
One of his tow-nsmen was Dr. Hugh Egan, who was a well- 
known physician. Capt. John O'Brien, the uncle of Hon. 
John P. Hale of New Hampshire, one of the naval heroes 
of the Revolution, also receives honorable mention in the 
history of Newbury, and before him, in the account of the 
part taken by Newbury, Mass., men in the old French war, 
frequent mention is made of Capt. David Donohoe, who 
commanded an armed vessel. The diary of Lieut. Burton, 
published in the Revolutionary rolls of New Hampshire, 
mentions the appointment, as provost marshal of the army 
in Boston, by Washington, of Mr. William Moroney. He 
was a member of the Irish Societv in Boston. 



77 

Captain James McGee, a president of the Boston Irish 
Society, was in command of a vessel wrecked in the service 
of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Bay in 1778, when 
seventy-two of his men were lost in a great storm in mid- 
winter. 

A certain part of the town of Sheepscott, Me., was 
known at Patrickstown, from the number of Irish residents. 
James Go wan was in Kittery in 1756. Capt. Gargill was one 
of Sheepscott's earliest settlers, and Rev. John Murray is 
mentioned in the IMaine records as the man with a kind Irish 

heart. 

Richard O'Brien, born in Maine in 1758, served in the 
navy during the Revolution, and for years afterward. He 
was captured during the Algerine war, and was a prisoner 
seven years. His adventures were of the most thrilling 
character, and after his release from captivity he was ap- 
pointed by Jefiferson diplomatic agent to Algiers, where he 
assisted Preble in his negotiations. His son^ Maj. J. P. J. 
O'Brien, was a distinguished officer in the army. 

James Kavanagh, a native of Wexford, was an exten- 
sive lumber merchant in Damariscotta in 1780. His son 
was president of the Maine senate, governor of Maine, mem- 
ber of congress and minister to Portugal. Nicholas Hearne, 
Fergus and Tully Higgins, Robert and William McLaugh- 
lan and Morris O'Brien and his six sons, all natives of Ire- 
land, were residents of Scarboro, Me., in 1740-1750. Capt. 
John O'Brien, the oldest son of Morris, was the commander 
oTan expedition in which his father and brothers took part, 
which effected the first naval capture of the Revolution. 
William O'Brien, one of the brothers, was captured and 
died in the hands of the enemy at the early age of 23. Mary 
O'Brien was the mother of Senator John P. Hale of New 
Hampshire. 

John McGuire was one of the first settlers of New 



N 



78 

Gloucester, and, as in Massachusetts, Americans of the 
present day in Maine bear these distinctive Irish names, the 
O'Briens retaining the O', which is usually discarded, and 
their counterparts will be found in the early history of the 
southwestern territories, more especially in Kentucky, 
where men bearing some of the best known names in Ire- 
land have filled important stations in all walks of life. They 
w.ere among the earliest pioneers, the most noted Indian 
lighters, eminent on the bench and at the bar, and renowned 
as poets, scholars and statesmen. Dr. Hart and William 
Coomes were among the first settlers of Harrodsburg, Ky. 
They came with a Catholic colony from Maryland. Collins' 
"History of Kentucky" credits Dr. Hart as being the first 
medical practitioner in the territory, and Mrs. Coomes as 
the first school teacher ; over twenty of the fortified stations 
built for protection against the Indians bore distinctive Irish 
names. Among them Bryan's station, Dougherty's station, 
Hart's station, Drennan's Lick, Feagan's station, Finn's 
station, Higgins' block house, Irish station, Lynch's station, 
McGee station, Sullivan's old station, Sullivan's new station, 
Sullivan's station, Daniel Sullivan's station, McGuire's 
station, McCormack's station and McKeenan's station. 

Eleven counties in Kentucky bear Irish names : Lyon, 
Adair, Butler, Logan, Hart, Montgomery, McCracken, 
Boyle, Carroll, Rowan, Casey. As in New Hampshire and 
the other colonies, there is not a Gaelic name in Ireland that 
was not represented in the territory of Kentucky after the 
Revolution, many of those who bore them being veterans 
of the War of Independence, a large proportion of whom 
were living as late as 1840. Their names, published in Col- 
lins' history, look like a voting list in South Boston, so un- 
mistakably Irish are they. James McBride, an Irishman, 
is credited by Collins as being the first white man to enter 
the territory, "Paddling his canoe up the Kentucky river in 



79 

1743-'* James Mooney, John Finley and William Cool ac- 
companied Daniel Boone to the "dark and bloody ground" 
in 1769. They were followed in 1775 by Capt. James Grat- 
tan, John Toole and John McManus, who laid the founda- 
tion of Louisville. Capt. Flynn was one of the founders of 
Columbia, and with him were John Riley and Francis Dun- 
levy. 

Three of the best known and most daring Indian fightr 
ers in Kentucky of the period were Majs. McGarry and Mc- 
Bride and Capt. Bulger, all associates of Daniel Boone. 
Among the best known Presbyterian clergymen of this 
early period were Rev. William McGill, Rev. Samuel Mc- 
Adoo, Rev. Henry Delaney, Rev. A. M. Bryan, Rev. Will- 
iam McGee, Rev. William McMahon and Rev. John Dun- 
levy. Among the Methodists of the same period were 
James O'Cool, William Burke, William McMahon and 
John McGee, all Irish enough in appearance, certainly. 

Many of the great names identified with Ireland dur- 
ing the past 200 years are not those peculiar to the province 
of Ulster, or to the mixed race. Daniel O 'Council, who was 
the prince of agitators, and who, perhaps, accomplished 
more during the same period for his people than any man 
who had preceded him, was from the south of Ireland. 
Wellington, the iron duke, and the conqueror of Bonaparte, 
was from Leinster. Moore, the poet, and Balfe, the com- 
poser, were from Dublin, in the same province. Plunkett, 
Grattan, Shiel and the Emmets were all from Munster or 
Leinster. 

Daniel Maclise, the painter, and Sir Charles Barry, the 
architect of the new house of parliament, were natives of 
Cork. Goldsmith, of "The Deserted Village," and Parnell, 
of the Augustan period of English literature, were, like 
Moore, from Leinster. Arthur Murphy, Edmond and 4"- 
thony Malone, Dr. Nugent and Edmund Burke, all con- 



8o 

temporaries and intimates of Dr. Johnson, were from Lein- 
ster or Munster. Wallace and .Sullivan, whose musical pro- 
ductions rank among the best of English-speaking musi- 
cians, as well as P. S. Gilmore, the great bandmaster, were 
from the south of Ireland. Neither Usher, Congreve, 
Berkeley or Arthur O'Leary had their origin in the north of 
Ireland. 

Search the British records through and the Ulster men 
who have distinguished themselves either in the army, the 
navy, or in civil life are by no means in the majority, and 
this is said without detriment to the many heroic souls the 
northern Irish province has produced. The Napiers, the 
O'Haras, the Beresfords, the O'Callaghans, the Nolans, the 
Kavanaughs, the Butlers, the Burkes of Clanrickhard, the 
Wolseleys, John Henry Foley, and Dargan, the sculptors, 
the O'Briens of Inchiquin, the philosophic Boyles, earls of 
Cork, and thousands Avho, by conforming to the Estab- 
lished church, had secured places in some one or all of 
the branches of the government, were none of the Ulster 
men, and yet our ears are dinned with the constant hum of 
the superiority of the men from the north of Ireland over 
those of the other provinces. It is bad enough on the other 
side of the water, but it is worse here. 

Sheridan, one of the most brilliant soldiers thus far 
produced in America, had no peer among his associates of 
the army in the Civil War. and Rowan was second to but 
one in the navy. One was born of Leinster parentage, and 
the other came here from there. John Roach, the great 
ship-builder, was from Cork. Charles O 'Conor, the great 
jurist, was the son of a west of Ireland man. 

Gen'. Meagher was from Waterford. The long line of 
Kearneys, who furnished eminent representatives to the 
army and navy for generations, were not of the Ulster 
stock. Com. John Barry, the father of the American navy. 



was from Wexford. The founder of the New Hampshire 
Sullivans, one of the most illustrious families of New Eng- 
land, came from Limerick. 

Aloylan, the dashing commander of the Continental 
dragoons, was from Cork. The Carrolls of Maryland, sec- 
ond in eminence to no family in America, were from Lein- 
ster. The Burkes of North and South Carolina spring from 
Connaught. The Lynches of South Carolina were from the 
same province. The Butlers of South Carolina, the Mc- 
Henrys of Delaware, the Kavanaghs of Maine, the 
O'Reillys, the FitzSimonses, the Shees, the Careys, the 
Meades, the Butlers, the Hogans, the Kanes, the Keatings 
and the Walshes of Pennsylvania and Kentucky, the O'Fal- 
lons of Missouri, the long list of soldiers like Gibbon, Don- 
ohoe, Corcoran, Burke, McMahon, Halpinc, Riley, Cass, 
Guiney, O'Rourke, Smythe, McGinnis, Meade, GilmOre, 
Mulligan, Neale and hundreds of others in the Civil War 
were not of Ulster. 

Grant, from the maternal side, had the blood of the 
Kelleys in his veins, and the mother of Farragut was Eliza- 
beth Shine, the daughter of an Irish father. The Ulster 
men have had full credit given them for what they have 
done for America, but there is enough glory to go round 
without robbing the other sections of Ireland of the credit 
due for furnishing to the United States some of its greatest 
men, of whom the above names are but a few in comparison 
to what could be given were it necessary. 






SUPPLEMENTARY FACTS AND COM- 
MENT. 



J^EV. DR. REID, in his " History of the Presbyterian 
Church in Ireland," speaking of the tyranny visited 
upon the Irish Presbyterians by the British gov- 
ernment, writes : "Fines and punishments were in- 
flicted without mercy on the Presbyterians. Many of 
them had to go to the west of Scotland." This in 1636. 
Again, he tells us that the Presbyterians were obliged to 
take the "Black oath," namely, to swear never to oppose 
any of the king's commands. Those refusing to take it 
were subjected to the severest treatment. On another 
page, alluding to the union between the Irish and the High- 
land Scots in foreign service to support Charles I, in 1644, 
he writes that the native Irish "from the affinity of language, 
manners and origin were expected to be well qualified to 
co-operate with the Highlanders." Again, he tells us that 
fifteen hundred Irish went to serve in 1645 under Montrose 
in Scotland. But one of the most significant passages in 
Reid's work is the statement that in 1610 "All acts forbid- 
ding inter-marriages between English, Irish and Scotch were 
repealed this year to the great joy of all parties." This quite 
efifectually disposes of the fiction, so often put forth by ad- 
vocates of the " Scotch-Irish " cult, that intermarriages be- 
tween the dift'erent elements in Ulster did not take place. 
We have conclusive proof here that they did. 



84 

THE PLANTATION OF ULSTER. 

Mr. Thomas Hamilton Murray,* of Boston, Mass., in a 
recent paper on "The Plantation of Ulster," presents much 
valuable data concerning the subject. He expresses amuse- 
ment over the ridiculous position of the "Scotch-Irish" ad- 
vocates and the contradictory attitude the latter assume. 

"The fact is," he declares, "the cult bases its structure 
on four propositions — all false and, therefore, worthless. 
These propositions are: (i) That at the time of the Plan- 
tation all of old Irish stock were driven out of Ulster. (2) 
That the province was repeopled exclusively by Scots. 
(3) That these were all of Lowland stock. (4) That they 
never inter-married with other elements in Ireland, but held 
aloof, wedded only among their kind and thus preserved 
themselves as 'pure Scots.' 

"Now, as a matter of historical truth, none of these 
conditions obtained. The plantation of Ulster is generally 
regarded as including the period from 1608 to 1620. At 
no time before, during or since this period has Ulster been 
vacated en masse by its Irish population of the older stock. 
Thousands of this stock, it is true, did emigrate at different 
times, but other thousands remained and their descendants 
reside in Ulster to this day. 

"At the time of the Plantation, the escheated territory 
in Ulster, comprising six counties, was practically divided 
into three parts. The first of these parts was assigned to 
English undertakers or planters, the second to Scotch and 
the third to servitors and Irish natives. To the English 
undertakers were set apart seven precincts or districts ; to 
the Scotch, 9 ; and to the servitors and Irish natives, 9. 
Among the Irish natives to whom land was thus set apart at 
this time in Ulster are found such names as : 
O'Neill, O'Hanlon, 

O'Donnell, O'Gormley, 

♦Secretary-General, American-Irish Historical Society. 



35 



O'Devin, 

O'Develin, 

O'Hagan, 

O'Donnelly, 

O'Quin. 

O'Corr, 

O'Mulholland, 

O'Mallen, 

O 'Boyle, 

O 'Gallagher, 

O'Cassidy, 

O'Corcoran, 

O'Flanegan, 

O'Skanlan, 

O'Reilly, 

O'Sheridan, 

O'Gowan, 

O'Bradie, 

O'Mulchrewe, 

O'Dowgan, 

O'Deveney, 

O'Seren, 

O'Cleary, 

O'Muldoon, 

MacCann, 



MacDonnell, 

MacMurphy, 

MacNamee, 

MacAmallan, 

MacGunchenan, 

MacSwyne, 

MacQuin, 

MacCree, 

MacArte, 

MacGillpatrick, 

Mac Bryan, 

MacOwen, 

MacHugh, 

MacAwley, 

MacEnabb, 

MacDevett, 

MacElynan, 

MacCorr, 

MacWorrin, 

MacGauran, 

MacKernan, 

MacTulIy, 

MacCormock, 

MacShane, 

and many others. 



"Even were no other proof available, the foregoing list 
would conclusively show that the people of old Irish stock 
were not entirely driven out of Ulster, but that a very nu- 
merous and important portion remained. Not only did they 
remain, but they increased and multiplied. Marriages be- 
tween the English, Scotch and Irish in Ulster also became 
frequent and in 1610 the law forbidding such marriages was 
repealed "to the great joy of all parties." Among the native 
Irish in Ulster to whom land was allowed at the time of the 



86 

Plantation, and as part of the Plantation, were the follow- 
ing, the number of acres allowed each being also given : 

NAME. ACRES. 

Arte O'Neile (son of the Baron, and half brother of 

the Earl of Tyrone) 2000 

Henry O'Neale (son of Shane) 1500 

Tirlagh O'Boyle, gent 2000 

Donough McSwyne (Banagh), gent 2000 

Hugh McHugh Dufife O'Donnell, gent 1000 

Sir Mulmory McSwyne-na-Doe, knight 2000 

Bryan Crossagh O'Neale (son of Sir Cormack), gent 1000 

Bryan Maguyre, gent 2000 

Con McShane O'Neale, gent 1500 

Mulmorie McHugh Connalagh O'Rely, gent 2000 

Mulmorie Oge O'Reylie, gent 3000 

Mulmorie McPhilip O'Reilie, Esq 1000 

Hugh O'ReyHe, Esq 1000 

Con Boy O'Neale 1 160 

Tirlagh O'Neale, Esq 3330 

Walter McLaughlin McSwyne, gent 896 

Tirlagh Magwire, gent 500 

Bryan McKernan, gent 400 

Christopher Nugent, gent 450 

Felim McGawran, gent 1000 

Shane AIcHugh O'Reily, gent 475 

Shane McPhilip O'Reily, gent 900 

Owen McMulmorie O'Reily, gent 500 

Gerald Fleming, Esq 475 

Walter, Thomas, and Patrick Bradie 800 

Bryan O'Coggye O'Reily 400 

Morish McTully 300 

Bryan O'Neale, gent 1500 

Honora Bourk, or Widow O'Boyle 403 

Charles O'Neale, gent 360 



87 

NAME. ACRES. 

Neal Roe O'Neal 200 

Felim and Brian O'Hanlon, gents 200 

Carbery McCan, gent 3^0 

Tirlogh Groome O'Hanlon, gent 140 

Shane McShane O'Hanlon, gent 100 

Shane McOghie O'Hanlon, gent 100 

Rorie McFerdoragh O'Hanlon, gent 120 

Shane Oge McShane Roe O'Hanlon, gent 120 

Loughlin O'Hagan, gent 120 

Neale O'Neale, Esq 800 

Donough Reogh O'Hagan, gent 100 

Donough Oge McMurphie, gent 180 

Colla McArte McDonell, gent 120 

John and Connor O'Reilly, gents 300 

Cahir McOwen (O'Reilly), gent 300 

Cahell McOwen O'Reyly, gent 300 

Donell McOwen (O'Reyly), gent 150 

Owen O'Sheredan (or O'Sheridan), gent 200 

Cahill AlcBrien O'Reily, gent 100 

Mulmore McHugh McFarrall O'Reyly, gent 300 

Cormacke McGawran i75 

Hugh McMamis Oge Magauran, gent 150 

Breene Oge McGauran, gent 200 

Mulmorie McTirlagh O'Reily, gent 200 

Felim, Brian, and Cahir O'Reyly 200 

Tirlagh McHugh McBryan Bane O'Reylie 150 

Donnell McFarrall Oge McKernan, gent 100 

Callo O'Gowne (or O'Gowan), gent 150 

Shane McCabe, gent 200 

Bryan McShane O'Reyly, gent 300 

Donill Backagh McShane O'Reyly, gent 200 

Wony (or Una) McThomas McKernan, gent lOO 

Hugh McBrien O'Reyly, gent 100 



NAME. ACRES. 

Terence Braddy (or Brady), gent 150 

Rorie McPatrick McCan, gent 120 

Cormac McTirlagh Brassilagh, gent 120 

Neece Quin 120 

Hugh McGilledufTe, gent 120 

Felim O'Quin 100 

Hugh O'Neale . 120 

Edmond Oge O'Haggan, gent 120 

Owen Roe O'Quin, gent 140 

Bartholomew Owen, gent 120 

Owen O'Corr, gent 120 

Brian O'Develin, gent 120 

Laghlen O'Hagan, gent 120 

Mary Ny Neal (daughter of Sir Cormack) 120 

Neale Garrow McRorie O'Donnell, gent 128 

Cafifer McHugh Duft'e O'Donnell, gent 128 

Hugh Boy McQuin, gent 128 

Donell McQuin, gent 128 

Hugh Boy McSwyne (McSweeney), gent 128 

Patrick Crone McCree, gent 128 

Owen McGillpatrick, gent 128 

Grany Ny Donnell 128 

Cormack O'Cassida (O'Cassidy), gent 100 

Donough Oge Maguire, gent 100 

Felim Oge Magwire, gent 190 

Redmond Gillpatrick Magwire, gent 190 

Shane McHugh, gent 350 

Donough Oge McDonaghy Magwire, gent 145 

Bryan Oge Magwire, gent I45 

Rorie Magwire, gent 100 

Tirlogh Moyle Magwire, gent 300 

Patrick McDonell, gent 120 

Shane McEnabb, gent 130 



89 

NAME. ACRES. 

Patrick McHugh Magwire, gent 140 

Bryan O'Corcoran, gent 120 

Edmund McBryan McShane, gent 140 

Felim Duffe McBrien, gent 100 

Bryan McMulrony (McDonell), gent 240 

John Magwire, gent 140 

Donell Groome McArte, gent 150 

Hugh O'Flanegan, gent 192 

Cormac Oge McHugh, gent 180 

Cormock McCollo Magwire, gent 144 

Connell McWorrin, gent 100 

Moriertagh O'Flanegan, gent 100 

Thomas Braddy (Brady) 150 

Connor McShane Roe O'Bradie, gent 150 

Henry Betagh (Beatty), gent 262 

PhiHp and Shane O'Reily, brothers 300 

Hugh Roe McShane O'Reily 200 

Hugh McGlasney (O'Reily), gent 100 

Barnaby Reily, gent 150 

Richard Magwire, gent 120 

Shane McDonell Ballagh, and Brian O'Skanlan. . . . 120 
Rorie McDonough Magwire, and Patrick Ballagh 

Magwire, gents 190 

Tirlagh Mergagh Magwire, and Felim Dufife Mc- 

Rorie Magwire, gents 100 

Thomas Mcjames McDun Magwire \ 

Bryan Mcjames McDun Magwire. . /- 120 

Hugh Mcjames McDun Magwire. . ) 

Connor McTirlagh (McDonell), gent 100 

James Sheale (or Shiel) 120 

Patrick McManus O'Hanlon, and Ardell Moore 

O'Mulchrewe 120 

Brian Oge O'Hagan, gent 100 



90 

NAME. ACRES. 

Ardill McFelim O'Hanlon. gent 80 

Henry O'Neale, gent 60 

Donill McShane (surnamed "Mallatus") 60 

Hugh McDonnell O'Neale, gent 60 

Cormock McNemee, gent 60 

Tirlagh Oge McBrian O'Neale, gent 60 

Rorie O'Gormley, gent 60 

Jenkin O'Devin, gent 60 

Henry Oge O'Neale, gent 60 

Bryan O'Neale, and Neal Roe 60 

Art McRowie O'Neale. gent 60 

Hugh Groome O'Hagan, gent 60 

Arte McArte O'Neale, gent 60 

Felim McAmallan, gent 60 

Shane McDonell Groome O'Donnily, gent 60 

Shane Roe O'Neale, gent 60 

Tirlagh Oge O'Gormeley. gent 60 

Hugh McCawell, gent 60 

Hugh McHugh Mergagh O'Neale, gent 60 

Randal McDonnell, gent 60 

Felim Oge O'Mulcreve, gent 60 

Fardoragh McBrian Carragh O'Neale, gent 60 

Con McTirlagh O'Neale, gent 60 

Shane AIcHugh McAderany O'Donilly. gent 60 

Owen O'Hagan, gent 60 

Caragh O'Donilly. gent 60 

Fardoragh McCahir O'Mallen, gent 60 

Shane McLaughlin O'Donnily, gent 60 

Teig McEdmond Oge O'Hagan, gent 60 

Neale O'Quin, agent 60 

Felim Boy O'Haggan, gent 60 

Hugh Groome O'Mulchallane (or O'Mulholland), 

gent 60 



91 

NAME. ACRES. 

Fardoragh O'Haggaii, gent 60 

James McGunchenan, gent 60 

Manus McNeale McSwyne (McSweeney) 64 

Farroll McHngh O'Galchor (O'Gallagher), gent. . . 64 

Donnell Groome McArte 64 

Donell McCormock, gent 50 

Coconaght McHugh, gent 50 

Donough Oge McHngh, gent 50 

Felim McAwly, gent 5° 

Donough McRorie (Alagwire), gent 50 

Shane AIcDevitt, gent 60 

Shane Evarr Magwire, gent 96 

Brian McFehm Roe McDonnell ) 

Shane McTirlogh O'Nealc .- 240 

Hugh McCarbery O'Neale . . . . ) 

Mulmory McDonell, gent ] 

Arte McTirlagh O'Neale, gent - 240 

Neale McTirlagh O'Neale, gent J 
Eugene Valley (Owen Ballagh) O'Neyle 
Felim McTirlagh Brasselagh O'Neill... 

Donnell McHenry O'Neile ' ^^^ 

Edmond Oge O'Donnelly 

Hugh McTirlagh O'Neale. \ 

Art McTirlagh O'Neale ... > 240 

Henry McTirlagh O'Neale ) 

Murtagh O'Dowgan 

Owen Modder McSwine 

Owen McMorphy 

Donell O'Devene}- V 1000 

Donough O'Seren 

Calvagh McBryan Roe McSwine 
Neal McSwine 



92 

NAME. ACRES. 

Donnell Ballach O'Galchor (O'Gallagher) 

Dowltagh McDonnell Ballach 

Edmond Boy O'Boyle 

Tirlagh Oge O'Boyle, Irrel O'Boyle. . . . 

Cahir McMalcavow (O'Boyle) j^ 960 

Shane McTirlagh (O'Boyle) 

Dowlatagh McGillduffe, Farrell 

McTirlagh Oge (O'Boyle), Loy O'Cleary 

and Shane O'Cleary 

Owen Oge McOwen, and Owen McOwen Edeganny 128 
Owen McCoconaght Magiiire ) 

Rorie McAdegany Magwire. . >• 150 

Donnell Oge O'Muldoon ) 

Donel McCan, gent 80 

Redmond McFerdoragh O'Hanlon 60 

Edmond Groome McDonell 80 

Alexander Oge McDonell 83 

Brian, son of Melaghlin, son of Arte O'Neale, gent. . 60 

Tirlagh Oge McTirlagh Brasselagh, gent 60 

Hugh McBrian McCan 80 

Cormock McBryan Magwire, gent 96 

Meloghlin Oge McCorr, gent 50 

Hugh Boy Magwire, gent 96 

Patrick McHugh, gent 50 

Garrett and John Magwire, gents 60 

Donough Magauran, gent "!" 75 

Richard Fitzsimons 50 

Thomas Mc James Bane (O'Reily), gent 50 

Shane Bane O'Moeltully (or Flood), gent 50 

Many others were granted smaller tracts. The law 
provided that "The above grantees [were] to hold for ever, 
as of the Castle of Dublin, in common socage, and subject 
to the Conditions of the Plantation of Ulster." 



93 

Continuing, Air. Murray in his article states that "many 
of these Irish grantees were of the noblest and most ancient 
blood in Ireland. In addition to the foregoing and other 
Irish for whom land was set aside in Ulster, thousands of 
others remained in the Plantation as laborers and in similar 
humble capacities. Their presence was essential even to 
the English and Scottish settlers who needed strong arms 
to till their vast estates. Nor were the Irish grantees of 
estates segregated in, or confined to, certain of the counties 
of the Plantation, as is frequently supposed. On the con- 
trary, they are found in about every county of the Planta- 
tion. Thus the 2000 acres set aside to Arte O'Neile were 
in Armagh, as were the 1500 set aside to Henry McShane 
O'Neale. The 3330 acres marked ofif for Tirlagh O'Neale 
were in Tyrone. The 2000 acres held by Donough Mc- 
Swyne were in Donegal. Bryan Maguyre's 2000 acres 
were in Fermanagh. Felim McGawran's 1000 were in 
Cavan. The 2000 acres assigned Mulmorie McHugh 
Connalagh O'Rely, and Mulmorie Oge O'Reylie's 3000 
were also in Cavan, and so on. 

"As for the Irish who were not ofBcially rated as knights 
or gentlemen, or who were not grantees of large estates, 
they were probably found in every county, vale and dis- 
trict, even in those that had been granted to the English 
and Scottish planters. In some of these latter districts they 
may have equalleci, so far as numbers went, the new comers. 

"Reid in his 'History of the Presbyterian Church in 
Ireland' declares that the theory, frequently held, that the 
Plantation of Ulster dispossessed and displaced the entire 
native population of Ulster is a decided exaggeration. He 
also declares that the majority of the Plantation tenents of 
the British undertakers or colonists were Irish, the original 
inhabitants of Ulster. 

"The idea sometimes entertained bv a certain class of 



94 



'Scotch-Irish' writers, in the United States, that Ulster of 
the Plantation was peopled exclusively by Scots is ridiculous 
and not in accordance with the facts, as this article easily 
shows. Of the Scots who did settle in Ulster at that period 
not all of them, by any means, came from the Lowlands. 
Argyle and other Highland districts furnished many, as 
writers well informed on the subject have shown. For so 
many centuries, even before the Plantation, did people mi- 
grate from the Scottish Highlands to Ulster, that the 
amount of Highland blood in the northern Irish province 
to-day must be far greater than that of Lowland derivation, 
but so thoroughly mixed and assimilated have become the 
Scandinavian, English, Scotch, French, Dutch, old Irish 
and other elements in Ulster, that to attempt to intelligently 
analyze and classify the exact proportion of each would be a 
hopeless task. 

In a paper on "Certain Scottish Names Derived from 
Irish Ones," Mr. T. H. Murray, whom we have just quoted, 
gives us much very interesting data relative to surnames 
in Ireland and Scotland. In the course of his paper he 
incidentally presents the following significant list : 

O'Neill, . . . MacNeill. 



O'Duff, 

O'Kean, 

O' Kenny, 

O'Lane, 

O'Lean, 

O'Duffie, 

O'Kane, 

O'Nichol, 

O' Donald, 

O'Donnell, 

O'Connell, 



MacDuff. 

MacKean. 

Mac Kenny. 

MacLane. 

MacLean. 

MacDuffie. 

MacKane. 

MacNichol. 

MacDonald. 

MacDonnell. 

MacConnell. 



95 



Mac Morrison. 

MacClannahan. 

MacLennan. 

MacDaniel. 

MacMurray. 

MacCooney. 

MacCleary. 

MacCawley. 

MacLachlan. 

MacDonouffh. 



O' Morrison, 

O'Lanahan, 

O'Lennon, 

O' Daniel, 

O' Murray, 

O'Cooney, 

O'Cleary, 

O'Cawley, , 

O'Loughlin, 

O'Donough, 

"Many names, mistakingly supposed by some to be 
peculiar to Scotland — such as Burns, Campbell, Graham, 
Kerr, Cummin and the like — abound in Ireland, and have 
so abounded from a remote period. Many of them are of 
Irish Gaelic origin. The Scotch Nicholsons, for intsance, 
trace descent from an ancient Irish source. An Irish form 
of the name was O'Nichola, from vv'hich derive MacNichol, 
MacNicol, Nicholson, Nicolson, etc. A family tradition is 
that the progenitors of the name in Scotland migrated from 
Ireland a thousand years ago and settled on the isle of Skye. 
This tradition is still current in the family and is given full 
credit. 

" Many eminent Scottish families have descended from 
the Three CoUas, Irish lords who flourished in the fourth 
century of the Christian era. One of these Collas. — Colla 
Uais, — became monarch of Ireland about A.D. 322 — 357. 
Later, he was deposed, and with the two other Collas ''and 
their principal chiefs, to the number of 300," were banished 
to Scotland (O' Hart's Irish Pedigrees). Eventually, how- 
ever, the decree of banishment was recalled and they were 
invited to return to Ireland. O'Hart declares that ' From 
the Three Collas descended many noble families in Ulster, 
Connaught, Meath and Scotland. ' Among the families of 
this race — the Clan Colla — were Agnews, Alexanders, Mac- 



96 

Allisters, MacArdles, MacDougalds, MacDougalls, Mac- 
Dowells, MacVeaghs, MacDonalds and MacDonnells of the 
Hebridies, MacOscars,MacGraths/MacTullys, MacCabes, 
" MacGilmores, MacKennas, MacMahons, MacCanns, Ma- 
guires, Boylans, Cassidys, Keenans, Connollys, Magees, 
O'Carrolls, O'Flanagans, O'Hanlons and many others of 

note. 

"An important fact not known to advocates of the 
'Scotch-Irish' cult or, if known, seldom or never remem- 
bered by them, is this : that of the people who came to 
Ulster from Scotland at the time of the Plantation, all were 
by no means Scots, 'pure' or otherwise. Especially is this 
true of the colonists who were from the Lowlands. The 
composite and shifting character of the population of that 
part of Scotland at the period mentioned is well known. 
Reid in his history of the Irish Presbyterian church says of 
the people who settled in Ulster at the period of the Plan- 
tation, including those from Scotland, that they were of 
different names, nations, dialects, tempers, breeding. This 
is a very important point and should be remembered, es- 
pecially by those who talk so incessently of their alleged 
'pure Scotch' origin. Some of them, we fear, would find it 
as difficult to prove that they have any Scotch blood in their 
veins as to disprove that they have in their makeup a large 
amount of old Irish blood." 



ANOTHER SPLENDID EXPRESSION OF FACTS. 

A syndicated article published in several leading Ameri- 
can papers a few years since, in speaking of the Plantation 
of Ulster, says : 

"Some tracts were settled entirely with English and 
Scotch, others with enterprising Irish, but still more with a 
mixture of the two. Each race supplied what the other 
lacked. * * * jf ^j^y Qj-^g \^^^ g^j^ jj-^ j5^2 that a Brit- 



97 

ish parliament could succeed in exiling- 300,000 Protestant 
Irish and perhaps an equal number of Catholic Irish in such 
a way as to make them fight side by side with Catholic 
Frenchmen and non-sectarian colonists against the United 
Kingdom, he would have been denounced as a fool. The 
wise men would have told him that legislative folly might 
do wonders, but it could not work miracles. Yet that is 
just what parliament accomplished ; for scarcely was the ink 
dry on the treaty of Limerick (which provided that Catho- 
lics should enjoy in Ireland 'such rights as they had en- 
joyed in the reign of Charles IF), when it was violated by a 
series of laws that now make honest Englishmen blush. It 
is needless to repeat the black details. Says one British 
writer : 'The laws were so many and so atrocious that an 
Irishman could scarcely draw a full breath without breaking 
a law.' 

"At the same time they [the government] fell upon the 
Presbyterians of the north, declaring all their marriages 
illegal and arresting ministers for 'living in adultery' — with 
their own wives ! On top of this came statutes forbidding 
Catholic or Protestant to manufacture or export to any 
other country than England. The result was a general 
flight of the bravest and best — the 'v\'ild geese,' as they were 
called, from the south to France and Spain (where such 
names as O'Donoju, O'Donnel and MacMahon still attest 
their talents and valor), and the men of the north to New 
England and Pennsylvania, where such local names as 
Antrim and Derry, Sligo, Tyrone and Belfast show the 
origin of their families. 

"Later there was a combined movement of Celt and 
Saxon Irishman, Catholic, Quaker and Presbyterian, to 
South Carolina ; and of all colonies sent out by the prolific 
isle this probably contained the largest proportion of talent, 
courage and persistent energy. At any rate it may chal- 



98 

lenge comparison with any other. It is scarcely possible 
to make a list of the names of the emigrants to South Caro- 
lina in 1750-70 without its seeming to be a partial list of 
America's eminent patriots — Jackson, Calhoun, O 'Kelly, 
McDufiBe, Polk, Crockett, Houston, Adair, McKemy, AIc- 
Whorter, O'Farrell, O' Grady, McNairy. All these are of 
Irish extraction, and still (some of them Americanized by 
dropping the O' or Mac) adorn the annals of their states 
or the nation. 

"In 1765 a shipload of emigrants left Carrickfergus for 
Charleston, and it is claimed that every family in it has 
since been represented, and some of them many times, in 
the congress of the United States. On this ship were An- 
drew Jackson, his wife and two sons, and two years after 
their location at the Waxhaw settlements, and after the 
father's death, was born a third son, named for his father, 
who was destined to humble British pride at New Orleans." 



CULLEN'S "STORY OF THE IRISH IN BOSTON." 
CuUen's ''Story of the Irish in Boston," touching upon 
the misnomer "Scotch-Irish" and referring to early Protest- 
ant Irish in Boston, says : "Perhaps the most significant 
thing in this connection appears in the organization of the 
Charitable Irish Society. Without the slightest equivoca- 
tion they describe themselves as 'of the Irish nation,' and 
to make the matter plainer, select St. Patrick's day as the 
time of starting their work. A Scots' Charitable Society 
had been in existence some sixty years, and was then in a 
flourishing condition ; so if they were Scotchmen, they had 
no need to call themselves Irishmen, and leave it for mod- 
ern historians to undo their work." 

The Charitable Irish Society of which Cullen speaks 
was founded on March 17, 1737, by Irish Protestants and is 
still in existence. Its preamble read as follows : 



99 

"Whereas ; Several Gentlemen, Merchts and Others, 
of the Irish Nation residing in Boston in New England, 
from an Affectionate and Compassionate concern for their 
countrymen in these Parts, who may be reduced by Sick- 
ness, Shipwrack, Old age and other Infirmities and unfore- 
seen Accidents, Have thought fitt to form themselves into 
a Charitable Society, for the relief of such of their poor and 
indigent Countrymen, without any Design of not contribut- 
ing towards the Provision of the Town Poor in general as 
usual. And the said Society being now in its Minority, it 
is to be hoped and expected, that all Gentlemen, Merchts, 
and others of the Irish Nation, or Extraction, residing in, 
or trading to these Parts, who are lovers of Charity and 
their Countrymen, will readily come into and give their 
Assistance to so laudable an undertaking ; and for the due 
Regulation and Management of said intended Charity, the 
Society, on the 17th day of March, in the year 1737, agreed 
on the following Rules and orders." 

Then follow the rules and orders in detail, comprising 
thirteen sections in addition to the By-Laws. Section VIII 
declared that "The Managers of this Society shall be a 
President, a Vice President, a Treasurer, three Assistants, 
and three Key-keepers, with a Servitor to attend the So- 
ciety's service, the Managers to be natives of Ireland, or 
natives of any other Part of the British Dominions of Irish 
Extraction, being Protestants, and inhabitants of Boston." 

The founders of this Society give no indication at any 
time that they ever heard of the term "Scotch-Irish." 



A WORD TO PRESIDENT ELIOT. 
W. y. Drummond, M. D., a Protestant Irishman, Mon- 
treal, Canada, writing to the Boston Pilot, November, 
1896. in condemnation of the term "Scotch-Irish," thus 
comments : 

LoFC. 



lOO 

''President Eliot informs us in an explanatory letter 
'that the distinction between the Scotch-Irish and the Irish 
is very important, the Scotch-Irish being mainly Protestant, 
and the Irish proper being mainly Catholic' This, of 
course, means that Protestants of Irish birth are mainly 
Scotch-Irish. How much truth is contained in this state- 
ment? The province of Ulster included among its popula- 
tion of two to three hundred years ago many people of 
Scottish birth, and bearing surnames regarded by genealogi- 
cally illiterate people of today as being distinctively Scotch 
in origin. But although these immigrants were almost to 
a man adherents of the Protestant faith, yet Celtic genealo- 
gists know perfectly well that in the great majority of cases 
they were descendants of Irish septs and tribes, who had 
gone in successive waves of emigration to the Highlands 
of Scotland. 

"Who can doubt the Irish paternity of a race which in- 
cludes the names of AlacNeill (O'Neill), AlacRae (Mc- 
Grath), MacDonald (O'Donnell), Maclnnes (McGuinness), 
MacLennan (McClenaghan), MacKinley (McGinley), Mac- 
Brien (O'Brien), etc., etc.? These men might have modi- 
lied their views on theological matters, but that fact did not 
effect any change in their Celtic nationality ; they were of 
precisely the same stock and spoke practically the same 
language as their Catholic brethren in Ireland. Further, 
in many cases they married native-born Irish wives, as their 
Norman and Saxon congeners had done before them, re- 
vivifying the old nationality and becoming in their sturdy 
descendants as Irish as the most exacting Hibernian could 
possibly desire. How does President Eliot define the large 
number of Englishmen descended from the conquering 
Norman, and bearing anglicized names? Does he (or any 
body else) always insist upon their being dubbed French- 
English? How would President Eliot classify, for in- 
stance, our own Canadian statesmen, the Blakes, Baldwins, 



lOI 

Sullivans, O'Briens, Davins, McCarthys? or the Smith 
O'Briens, and Lord Edward Fitzgeralds of days gone by 
in Ireland, and these are the names of Protestant Irishmen. 
Would President Ehot term these men 'Scotch-Irish?' 

"It seems to me that if the Harvard gentleman wishes 
to describe racially the majority of the Protestant settlers 
of Ulster he will come fairly near the mark by designating 
them as 'Ir;sh-Scotch-Irish,' but so far as I know, although 
Irish-Protestants may at times differ with their Catholic 
fellow-countrymen, yet they are content to be termed 
'Irish,' or still better. 'Irish-Irish,' as they have quite enough 
to answer for without being arraigned before the world as 
'Scotch-Irish.' '' 



FROM A NEW HAMPSHIRE TOWN. 

Hon. James F. Brennan. of Peterborough, N. H., one 
of the State Library Commissioners, in an address at the 
celebration of the 150th anniversary of Peterborough. Oct. 
24, 1889, said : "In what I have to say I shall not refer to 
the comparatively modern generation of Irishmen — Mur- 
phy, Brennan, Hamill, Noone, and scores of others — and 
their descendants, who have helped to build up this town, 
and whose history should be left for a resume of fifty years 
hence, but to those early settlers who came across the ocean, 
and their descendants ; men who risked all, even life itself. 
to make this spot a fit place for the abode of men. They 
were composed in a very small part of Scotchmen, English- 
men and other nationalities, but the essential part of the 
pioneers of our town, in fact nearly all of them, were Irish- 
men, for I assume that where men were born in Ireland, as 
they were, where many of their fathers, perhaps, also, some 
of their grandfathers were born, they were men who can 
unquahfiedly be called Irishmen. 

"Adopt any other standard and a large part of the in- 
habitants of Ireland at the time they emigrated would not 



102 

be considered Irishmen, and probably few persons in this 
town to-day would be considered Americans. The Scotch- 
men who came to Ireland, and from whom some of the 
pioneers of this town trace their ancestry, landed on that 
Emerald Isle, as our town history records it, in 1610, more 
than a century before their descendants came to 
this country. They were indeed Irishmen to the 
manor born, with all the traits, impulses and characteristics 
of that people, having, as the Rev. Dr. ]\Iorison said in his 
centennial address, the 'comic himior and pathos of the 
Irish,' and to their severe character and habits 'another 
comforter came in, of Irish parentage ; the long countenance 
became short, the broad Irish humor began to rise.' 

"Thus we see that there are comparatively few persons 
in town to-day, with the exception of recent comers, who 
have not coursing in their veins the blood of those sturdy 
Irishmen who made this town what it is, whose bodies have 
long since returned to clay in the old cemetery on the hill, 
and whose history is the history of the town itself.- Long 
may their memory be cherished ! Long may the pride 
which exists in such ancestry be retained ! They were 
brave, honest, manly men, who broke down the barriers 
that civilization might enter. Their lot was a life of hard- 
ship ; it is ours to enjoy the fruits of their work. 

"Not only the privations of this cold, uninviting coun- 
try were theirs to suffer, but intolerance and bigotry met 
them at the threshold of the country to which they were 
about to bring a blessing. Rev. Dr. Morison in his cen- 
tennial address, said that when the Smiths, Wilsons, Littles 
and others arrived, 'it was noised about that a pack of Irish- 
men had landed.' They were denied even lodgings. Mr. 
Winship, of Lexington, who extended a welcome to them, 
however, said, 'If this house reached from here to Charles- 
town, and I could find such Irish as these, I would have it 
tilled up with Irish, and none but Irish.' 



I03 

"If there is a town or city in this broad land owing a 
greater debt of gratitude to that green isle over the sea than 
does this town, I know it not. If there is a place which 
should extend more earnest and loving sympathy to Ireland 
in her struggles, I know not where it is. It was there that 
your forefathers and mine were born ; there where their 
infant feet were directed ; there where they were educated 
in those grand principles of honesty, sturdy manhood and 
bravery well fitting them to become the pioneers of any 
country, and fortunate it was for that land toward which 
they turned their faces. Here they built their log cabins, 
and shrines to worship God, and reared families of from 
eight to sixteen children, for they were people among whom 
large families were popular, and the more modern aversion 
to a large number of children had not taken possession of 
those God-fearing men and women. * * * jj^ review- 
ing the character of these men, we should not, as a first es- 
sential, go into an inquiry of how they worshipped God ; or 
what were their religious or political beliefs ; whether Pro- 
testant or Catholic, Whig or Tory. We only ask were they 
honest men, holding fast to those principles which they be- 
lieved right? The answer to this wall not bring the blush 
of shame upon our cheek, nor the consciousness of regret 
that their blood is part and parcel of our bodies. If we fol- 
low in their footsteps in our dealings with men ; if we are 
as honest and courageous as they ; if we do an equal share 
to make the world better and more attractive to future gen- 
erations, we can, when the toil of this life is over, rest in the 
secure belief of duty well done." 



A BLOW AT THE ''SCOTCH-IRISH" CULT. 

Mr. Charles A. Hanna has recently brought out a work 
on the "Scotch-Irish, or the Scotch in North Britain, North 
Ireland and North America." The typography of the work 



I04 

is up-to-date, the binding is excellent, but that is about the 
limit of the value of the production. Fine typography and 
excellent binding do not make history, though they have 
been and, we presume, will continue to be, utilized to per- 
vert it. 

Consciously or unconsciously, J\Ir. Hanna deals a se- 
vere blow at the "Scotch-Irish" cult, and this is one of the 
few points outside the printing and binding that entitle the 
work to any serious attention. Thus declai!"es Mr. Hanna : 

"The term Scotch-Irish is peculiarly American. 
* * * The name was not used by the first of these emi- 
grants, neither was it generally applied to them by the peo- 
ple whom they met here. They usually called themselves 
Scotch, just as the descendants of their former neighbors in 
northern Ireland do to-day. » * * The Quakers and 
Puritans generally spoke of them as the Irish, and during 
the Revolutionary period we find a large and influential 
body of these people joined together at Philadelphia in the 
formation of a patriotic association to which the}^ gave the 
distinctively Irish title of 'The Society of the Friendly Sons 
.S)f St." Patrick.' " 

Commenting on the above extract from the work, Mr. 
Martin I. J. Griffin, the Philadelphia editor, says: "So 
the historian of these people really tells us that there is no 
such a people as the Scotch-Irish. It is a hard fact to get 
over that these people whose immigration began in large 
numbers after, say 1718, did not use the name nor did any 
one else in speaking of them. I know they are always 
spoken of as 'Irish' in all arrival returns and such like pa- 
pers and documents relating to the newcomers. They did 
not use the term Scotch-Irish, he tells us, but 'called them- 
selves Scotch.' I haven't been among their records, and so 
cannot question this latter point, but were they not a queer 
people to allow themselves in all public statements to be 



I05 

called 'Irish' when they counted themselves 'Scotch' and 
hated to be called 'Irish,' as Mr. Hanna elsewhere tells us? 
'They called themselves Scotch,' says Mr. Hanna, yet when 
they formed a patriotic association they took the 'distinc- 
tively Irish title of The Society of the Friendly Sons of St. 
Patrick.' What a strange people !" 

Continuing. Mr. Griffin remarks: "Mr. Hanna says 
on the first page of his work : 'The appellation 'Scotch- 
Irish' is not an indication of a mixed Hiberno-Scottish de- 
scent. It was first appropriated as a distinctive race name 
by, and is now generally applied to, the descendants of the 
early Scotch-Presbyterian emigrants from Ireland.' That 
word 'appropriated' is w^ell chosen. The term 'Scotch- 
Irish' was first applied in Pennsylvania as a term of op- 
probrium or contempt for a low-graded class. I have found 
it as early as 1757. JMr. Hanna cites examples of its use in 
that way in 1763. I have found it as late as 1796. The 
fact really appears to be, as far as this locality (Pennsyl- 
vania) is concerned, that when spoken of officially or in re- 
spect these people were called 'Irish,' but when one needed 
to speak in contemptuous terms he said of such as he' de- 
sired to apply it to, that they were 'Scotch-Irish' — that is, 
a low class. So General Lee applied it in 1776, and so I 
find it in 1757 when an alleged Popish plot was reported to 
England as existing in Pennsylvania. Little credence was 
given the information, and in attempting to discover who 
gave it, it was suspected that it was some one of no account 
— some 'Scotch-Irishman.' So that's how the term orig- 
inated in this locality." 

Again Mr. Griffin observes : "Some of these people 
later, and I suspect when the Irish — the Catholic — emigra- 
tion became great, say from 1830 — sought to distinguish 
themselves from the Catholic Irish, simply 'appropriated' 
the term 'Scotch-Irish.' They have kept it and by their 



io6 



race pride and persistence in claiming, as well as in fact^ 
have fixed the term to simply mean Protestant Irish. The 
Catholics are the 'Irish,' just the name the others took when 
they formed an association. They were once willing, Mr. 
Hanna shows, to proclaim themselves IRISH. But what a 
deplorable revelation it is to all of us real Irish who have 
been boasting about the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick of 
Philadelphia * * * when Mr. Hanna takes the roll 
and allows but seven of the members, 'all brave and active 
patriots,' he concedes, to be Irish, with probably five others 
who may have been. All the others he counts as his be- 
loved 'Scotch-Irish.' Weren't they very generous to call 
the society 'Irish' when not over a dozen were really so? 
If they called themselves 'Scotch,' as Mr. Hanna assures us, 
why didn't they join the Thistle Society, then existing many 
years, composed of Scotchmen who were publicly known as 
Scotch, and proud of the name, too? Irish was a name of 
credit. So was Scotch. But to call a man a 'Scotch-Irish- 
man' was really to brand him as of low character. The 
Scotch were not, in the Revolutionary period, held in high 
estimation. The original draft of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence spoke of the 'Scotch mercenaries' coming as an 
army. This was stricken out in deference to Dr. Wither- 
spoon." 

Mr. Hanna's bald assertion that the people now dubbed 
"Scotch-Irish" usually called themselves "Scotch" is the 
sheerest nonsense. His assertion that the same element in 
Ireland to-day calls itself "Scotch" is still more nonsensical, 
if that were possible, than the other. Mr. Hanna should 
have greater regard for the intelligence of his readers. 
Thousands of the descendants of Irish Presbyterians who 
came here in Colonial days do not now, and never have, re- 
ferred to themselves as either "Scotch" or "Scotch-Irish." 
They would very quickly repudiate both terms if applied to 



I07 

them. The few noisy individuals who continually ring the 
changes on the "Scotch-Irish," and who sing the glory of 
the latter will hardly relish Mr. Hanna's declaration that 
"the term Scotch-Irish is peculiarly American. * * * 
The name was not used by the first of these ^migrants, 
neither was it generally applied to them by the people whom 
they met here." What Mr. Hanna has done, probably 
without intending it, is to knock the props from under the 
whole fabric. 



INVENTION OF AN ETHNICAL ABSURDITY. 

Mr. Joseph Smith,* of Lowell, Mass., who is also quoted 
elsewhere in this work, in discussing that ethnical absurdity, 
the "Scotch-Iri^fi race," observes : 

"* * * Worse still, they claimed everything for. a 
race which they themselves had created, and which they 
christened with the ridiculous title of Scotch-Irish. The 
average Scotchman and Irishman seemed to be in the dark 
about it : what it was or where it came from puzzled ethno- 
logists ; we had to be content with the information that it 
was a miracle-working, marvellous people, having all hu- 
man virtues and many heavenly halos, and that it was dis- 
covered simultaneously somewhere in New Hampshire or 
Pennsylvania, and in a similarly definite locality in Ten- 
nessee. * * * The only reasonable and plausible cause 
(for the term) must be looked for in pure, bald religious 
arrogance and intolerance, and a wish to separate the Irish 
race into two clans on religious grounds, — the Catholic or 
Trish-Irish,' and the Protestant or 'Scotch-Irish.' 

"This looks like the attribution of mean motives to 
men, but no other explanation presents itself. And if this 
sort of logic is good there is no reason why the Turks 
should not be called ]Moors, for both profess Moslemism ; 

♦Author of The "Scotch-Irish'''' Shibboleth Analyzed and Rejected. 



io8 

or why the French, Spaniards, and Itahans should not be 
called Irishmen, since all are in religion Catholics. Such 
primary school logic is good as far as it goes ; but it doesn't 
go far, even in Pennsylvania, Tennessee, or Canobie Lake. 

"A certain other class of writers has been exploiting 
the 'Anglo-Saxon' race, ascribing to it virtues and attributes 
almost divine. But as Anglo-Saxonism has in the end 
proved to be merely John Bullism, sensible people have 
turned the mythical animal over to after-dinner speakers 
and emotional parsons. The passing of the Anglo-Saxon, 
however, has left an aching void in the hearts and emotions 
of certain people who wanted a 'race' of their own to brag 
about. They wouldn't have the Anglo-Saxon at any price ; 
they were not Germans or French or Italians or Spanish ; 
they fought shy of the Scotch ; they shrieked at the Irish, 
and they apparently did not understand that the term Ameri- 
can was good enough for anybody. In this hysterical crisis 
they invented that ethnical absurdity, the Scotch-Irishman, 
and Scotch-Irish race. Just what the Scotch-Irish race is, 
who the Scotch-Irish are, where they come from, what they 
look like, where their habitat is, are questions that no fellow 
seems able to answer. 

"Perhaps the man who comes nearest to supplying this 
aching void, and telling us who and what this marvellous, 
ethnic paragon is, is the Rev. John S. Macintosh, of Phila- 
delphia, in his highly entertaining monograph styled, 'The 
Making of the Ulsterman.' Let us in a grave and reverent 
spirit examine this gentleman's masterpiece of imaginative 
literature. 

"He opens his wonderful story with a meeting in An- 
trim, Ireland, of three men — a Lowlander (Scotch), an Uls- 
terman (Irish), and himself (an American), whom he calls a 
Scotch-Irishman, though born on the banks of the Schuyl- 
kill. He remarks feelingly, after presenting them to the 



I09 

reader: There we were, a very evolution in history.' 
They were, in fact, the three Scotch-Irish musketeers ; and 
there they sat, looking out over the Irish waters toward 
the hungry Lowlands of Scotland, pitying the world, 
scratching their heads thoughtfully, only remembering how 
they had made the United States, without letting anybody 
find it out. They talked, figured each other out, and said, 
like the big, brawny, red-legged Highlanders they were not : 
'Are we not the splendid men entirely?' 

"Dr. Macintosh now proceeds to mix his three muske- 
teers in order to pull the Simon-pure Scotch-Irishman out 
of the shuffle. Let us follow him slowly, without mirth, if 
possible. 

"The first element in the Scotch-Irishman is the Low- 
land Scotchman. Be sure and get the real article ; nothing 
else will do. Has it ever occurred to you what a remark- 
able man the Lowlander is? Probably not. You have 
had your eye on the Highlander as the finest fruit of Scot- 
land ; but that is all romance and Walter Scott. The Low- 
lander is the man ; whether he be a hollow-chested Paisley 
weaver, a penny-scraping Glasgow huckster, or a black- 
browed Border cattle-thief. 

"Now, who was the Lowlander of Macintosh? He 
was a mixture of Scot, Pict, Norseman, Saxon, Friesian, 
Briton, Erse, Norman, and possibly a score of other things. 
The same mixture in dogs produces the noble breed we call 
a mongrel. 

"Motley, in his 'Rise of the Dutch Republic' * * * 
says in effect that the religious wars of Protestant and 
Catholic, and the persecutions growing out of them of the 
ever-increasing sectaries, drove shoals of artisans from Ger- 
many, Holland, and France to England. Elizabeth of 
England had troubles of her own, and while she quarrelled 
with the Pope and disputed his headship, she was jealously 



no 



insistent of her own leadership of her State Church, and 
had no use for the pugnacious sectaries from across the 
Channel. In time, owing to the English jealousy of foreign- 
ers and rival manufacturers, and the Queen's abhorrence of 
rivals against divinely-selected kings, EUzabeth shut down 
on the refugees and refused them asylum. Scotland, then 
in the throes of religious squabbles, * * * gave them 
a welcome as kindred spirits. When other days came, when 
Mary's head had rolled from the block at Fotheringay, 
when her wretched son was enthroned, the foreign element 
found Scotland a poor land to live in. The settlement of 
Ulster gave them their chance, and they flocked there with 
Scotchmen and Englishmen to settle down and intermarry 
and become, as all before them had become, in that Irish 
crucible, Irish." 



RELIGION NO TEST OF RACE. 

James Jefifrey Roche, LL. D., editor of the Boston 
Pilot, replying to an article by Henry Cabot Lodge, says in 
the Pilot, July 9, 1892, "Of course, if we accept Mr. Lodge's 
definition, that an Irishman of the Protestant religion is not 
an Irishman, but a Scotchman, more particularly if he be an 
Englishman by descent, Mr. Lodge's case is proven, even 
though his own witnesses otherwise contradict him ; and 
equally, of course, a Catholic Irishman becomes a Scotch- 
man, or vice versa, by simply changing his religion. 

"In his anxiety to make a point against Catholics by 
extolling the French Huguenots and 'Scotch-Irish,' Mr. 
Lodge forgets common sense, and what is worse, forgets 
common honesty. When he comes to claim especial glory 
for his own section of the country, he gives away his whole 
case by saying: 'The criticism that birthplace should not 
be the test for the classification by communities seems hard- 
ly to require an answer, for a moment's reflection ought to 



1 1 1 



convince any one that no. other is practicable/ although he 
hastens to add that 'place of birth is no test of race.' 

"Nothing is, apparently, except religion; and the test 
of that is, whether or not it is Mr. Lodge's own brand of 
religion. We have not a word to say against the latter, 
even though in his case, unfortunately, it has not developed 
an 'ability' for counting correctly or quoting honestly. 
* * * Irishmen, at least, do not qualify their admiration 
of national heroes by inquiries into their religion. Protest- 
ant Emmet is still the idol of the Irish Catholic ; and we 
doubt if any intelligent Huguenot would give up his share 
in the glory of Catholic Lafayette." 



UNITING WITH THEIR CATHOLIC COUNTRYMEN. 

Robert Ellis Thompson, Ph. D., formerly a Professor 
in the University of Pennsylvania and now President of the 
Central High School. Philadelphia, speaking of the early 
Irish Presbyterian immigration to this country, says : 

"* * _ * ^j^(;j these immigrants brought to America 
such resentments of the wrongs and hardships they had 
endured in Ireland as made them the most hostile of all 
classes in America toward the continuance of British rule 
in this new world, and the foremost in the war to overthrow 
it. And those who remained in Ulster were not much bet- 
ter affected toward the system of rule they continued to en- 
dure. At the close of the century we find the greater part 
of them uniting with their Roman Catholic countrymen for 
the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of an 
Irish republic, with the help of the French." 



ALL IRISH RECEIVED INTO BROTHERHOOD. 

Mr. Thomas Hamilton Murray, of Boston, Mass., writ- 
ing on this subject to Mr. Eben Putnam, of Salem, Mass., 
declares : 



112 

"It has always been a matter of astonishment to me that 

persons who ring the changes on the 'Scotch-Irish' display 

such a superficial knowledge of the plantation of Ulster and 

of the composition of the people of that province. One 

would think that before holding forth as exponents of the 

doctrine, they would first solidly inform themselves as to 

the conditions of the period and place in question. * * * 

We of the old Irish race draw no invidious distinctions, but 

receive into brotherhood all born on Irish soil or of Irish 

parents, regardless of creed and no matter where their 

grandfather or great-grandfather may have come from. 
* •■■f * 

"Why anybody of Irish birth or descent should try to 
sink his glorious heritage and seek to establish himself as 
'Scotch rather than Irish,' or rather why anybody should 
try to do it for him, is something difficult to understand. 
Ireland possesses a more ancient civilization than either 
Scotland or England. Her hagiology, her educational in- 
stitutions, her old nobility, her code of laws, her jurisprud- 
ence, are of much greater antiquity. 'The Irish,' declares 
Collins, 'colonized Scotland, gave to it a name, a literature 
and a language, gave it a hundred kings, and gave it Chris- 
tianity.' For additional evidence on this point, see Knight, 
Lingard, Chambers, Lecky, Venerable, Bede, Buckle, Pink- 
erton, Logan, Thebaud, Sir Henry Maine, Freeman, the 
Century Dictionary of Names and other authorities. 

"Any writer who honestly aims to give any section of 
Irish settlers in this country a deserved meed of praise shall 
always have my respect and encouragement. It is only 
when Irish are claimed as of Scotch descent who are not, or 
when exclusive merit is claimed for those who are, I object. 
It is a fact that thousands of north of Ireland Catholics are 
of Scottish descent on one side or the other. It is also true 
that manv of the best friends of Irish nationalitv, autonomv 



113 

and independence have been of the same element, Protest- 
ant and CathoHc. But they were simply 'Irish,' look you. 
They weighted down their birthright with no extenuating 
prefix or palliating affix. It is a blunder to suppose that all 
the Irish settlers in New Hampshire were of 'Scottish de- 
scent.' Many of the most prominent who located there 
were not. Yet because some were, hasty writers have 
jumped to the conclusion that all were of Scotch ancestry. 
A more lamentable error it would be difficult to fall into. 

'Tn 1766 St. Patrick's Lodge of Masons was instituted 
at Johnstown, N. Y., being the first lodge organized in that 
Province west of the Hudson river. The first master of the 
lodge was an Irishman, Sir William Johnson, a native of 
the County Meath. On St. Patrick's Day, 1780, a St. 
Patrick's Lodge of Masons was instituted for Portsmouth, 
N. H. Later we find Stark's rangers requesting an extra 
supply of grog so as to properly observe the anniversary of 
St. Patrick. Very little comfort here for your 'Scotch-Irish' 
theorist. 

"The Massachusetts colonial records repeatedly men- 
tion the 'Irish,' not the Scotch-Irish. Cotton Mather in a 
sermon in 1700 says: 'At length it was proposed that a 
colony of Irish might be sent over to check the growth of 
this countrey.' No prefix there. The party of immigrants 
remaining at Falmouth, Me., over winter and which later 
settled at Londonderry, N. H., were alluded to in the records 
of the general court as 'poor Irish.' Marmion's 'Maritime 
Ports of Ireland' states that 'Irish famihes' settled London- 
derry, N. H. Spencer declares that 'the manufacture of 
linen was considerably increased by the coming of Irish 
immigrants.' In 1723, says Condon, 'a colony of Irish 
settled in Maine.' Moore, in his sketch of Concord, N. H., 
pays tribute to the 'Irish settlers' in that section of New 
England. McGee speaks of 'the Irish settlement of Bel- 



114 

fast,' Me. The same author hkewise declares that 'Irish 
famihes also settled early at Palmer and Worcester, Mass.' 
Cullen describes the arrival at Boston in 171 7 of Capt. 
Robert Temple, 'with a number of Irish Protestants.' Capt. 
Temple was, in 1740, elected to the Charitable Irish Society. 
In another place Cullen alludes to 'the Irish spinners and 
weavers who landed in Boston in the earlier part of the i8th 
century.' 

"The Boston Charitable Irish Society was instituted 
on St. Patrick's Day, 1737. The founders were all Protest- 
ants and described themselves as 'of the Irish nation.' Rev. 
John Moorhead, a Presbyterian minister of Boston, was 
born in the north of Ireland and received much of his edu- 
cation in Scotland. Yet he wished to be regarded as mere 
'Irish.' In proof of this he joined the society in 1739, and 
made an address on that occasion. Only men of Irish birth 
or extraction could be admitted to active membership in 
the society then as now. Mr. Moorhead in being thus ad- 
mitted so acknowledged himself. His congregation is de- 
scribed by Drake, Condon, Cullen and other authorities, as 
being composed of 'Irish-Presbyterians.' There is no men- 
tion whatever of any 'Scotch-Irish' in the neighborhood. 
The founders of this Charitable Irish Society bore such 
names as Allen, Alderchurch, Boyd, Bennett, Clark, Dun- 
can, Drummond, Egart, Freeland, Gibbs, Glen, Knox, 
Little, Mayes, McFfall, Moore, Mortimer, Neal, Noble, 
Pelham, Stewart, St. Lawrence, Thomas, Walker and 
Walsh — all 'of the Irish nation.' 

"Before 1765 the Society also had on its rolls the 
names : Austin, Arthur, Anderson, Black, Boulton, Ball, 
Caldwell, Coppinger, Calderwood, Campbell, Draper, Dun- 
ning, Dunworth, Derby, Edgar, Elliot, Ellison, Ferguson, 
Hall, Hutchinson, Holmes, Hill, Hamilton, Lewis, Lee, 
Motley, Malcolm, Miller, Morton, Nelson, Richey, Richard- 



115 

son, Savage, Stanley, Tabb, Temple, Thompson, Vincent, 
Williams, Wood, and many others. The bearers of the 
names mentioned in this paragraph were all, or nearly all, 
Irish Protestants, yet in no instance whatever do the records 
of the society refer to any of them as 'Scotch-Irish.' Among 
the 'Macs' belonging to the society previous to 1770 are 
found : McCrillis, McClure, McCordey, McCleary, Mc- 
Carroll, McClennehan, McDaniel, McFaden, McGowing, 
McHord, Mclntire, Mclntyre, McLane, McNeil, McNeill, 
and a number of others — all, as we have before remarked, 
'of the Irish nation.' 

"The Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, Philadelphia, Pa., 
organized in 1771, was composed of 'Catholics, Presbyter- 
ians, Quakers and Episcopalians,' who were 'united like a 
band of brothers.' They were never known as 'Scotch- 
Irish.' The founder of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, 
New York city, was Daniel McCormick, an Irish Presby- 
terian. The society was instituted in 1784, comprised 
Catholics, Presbyterians and members of other creeds, and 
bore on its rolls previous to 1795 such names as Bradford, 
Barnewell, Constable, CoUes, Clinton, Charleton, Edgar, 
Gaine, Glover, Gibson, Hill, Lynch, Macomb, McVicar, 
Pollock. Price, Shaw, Stewart, Templeton, Thomson, Wade 
and a great many others. From 1804 to 1815 we find on 
the rolls of the society the following names among others : 
Wallace, Parks, Searight, Reid, Blake, Rutledge, Cranston, 
McEvers, Watson, Kemp, Jephson, Chambers, Keith, 
Bailey, Sterling, Emmet, Macneven, etc. . Neither the so- 
ciety nor its members are ever referred to as 'Scotch-Irish.' 

"Many persons who continually sing the praises of the 
so-called 'Scotch-Irish' stand in serious danger of being 
considered not only ignorant but positively dishonest. 
Their practice is to select any or all Irishmen who have 
attained eminence in American public life, lump them to- 
gether and label the lump 'Scotch-Irish.' * * * 



ii6 



"Prejudiced or poorly informed writers have made sad 
work of this Scotch-Irish business. Thus Henry Cabot 
Lodge gives the absurd definition of 'Scotch-Irish' as being 
'Protestant in reh'gion and chiefiy Scotch and EngHsh in 
blood.' This has only been equalled in absurdity by Dr. 
Macintosh, who has defined this elusive element as 'not 
Scotch nor Irish, but rather British.' Here we have two 
gentlemen claiming to speak as with authority, yet unable 
to agree even in first essentials. 

"Most people who use the mistaken term 'Scotch-Irish' 
appear to do so under the supposition that it is synonymous 
with Protestant-Irish. Not so. Thousands of Protestant 
Irish are of English descent, with not a drop of Scotch 
blood in their veins. Other thousands are of Huguenot 
extraction, a point with which some do not appear to be 
acquainted. Welsh, Scandinavian, German and Dutch 
blood also enter materially into this Protestant Irish 
element. 

"Another blunder is made in regarding allUlstermenas 
of Scotch descent. With poorly-informed writers the fact 
that a man hails from the northern province is sufficient to 
stamp him as 'Scotch-Irish.' To any student of Irish his- 
tory the fallacy of this is at once evident. Why, some of 
the most ancient blood in Ireland comes from Ulster, and at 
the time of the English conquest thousands of Catholic 
Ulstermen w-ere exiled and scattered far and wide. 

"While kittens born in an oven may not be biscuit, it is 
certain that men born in a country are natives of that coun- 
try. The Irish Presbyterians were treated with great harsh- 
ness by various successive governments in England. At 
one time edicts of banishment were issued against their 
ministers ; at another we find the government wickedly de- 
claring their pulpits vacant and filling them with clergymen 
of the Established church. When England had a policy of 



117 

church or state to carry out in Ireland it could be made to 
bear as heavily on the Presbyterian as on the Catholic. 
England's repeated suppression of Irish industries also 
caused great numbers of Presbyterians and Irish Protes- 
tants, generally, to emigrate to America. 

"Some of the 'Scotch-Irish' devotees would have us 
■understand that emigration from Scotland to Ireland com- 
menced at the beginning of the i/th century. In this they 
are over a thousand years out of the way. Migration and 
emigration between the two countries began many centuries 
earlier than the 17th, or when Scotland became an Irish 
colony. When that was can easily be ascertained by giving 
the matter proper attention and careful inquiry." 

During a correspondence, a few years ago, between 
Mr. Murray and Mr. Samuel Swett Green, of Worcester, 
Mass., Mr. Green thus manfully wrote : 

"In regard to the use of the term Scotch-Irish, I did 
not realize that I should give offense by employing it, and 
I probably should have used some other designation to con- 
vey my meaning rather than irritate bodies of men whom I 
respect. I used the word, however, only in a descriptive 
sense, just as I sometimes use the terms Afro-American and 
Swedish-American. I entirely agree with Mr. Murray that, 
generally speaking, it is best not to use words which show 
the differences of the inhabitants of a country rather than 
the things which they hold in common. For example, it is 
better to speak generally of Americans, rather than Irish- 
Americans or French-Americans." 



CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT HONOR ST. 
PATRICK. 

Hon. John D. Crimmins, of New York city, in his re- 
cent work on "Early Celebrations of St. Patrick's Day" 
(New York, 1902), observes: 



I £8 

"If Ireland in 1737 was economically, nationally and 
politically dead, Irishmen were in the front of the struggle 
of life outside her boundaries. Swordplay there was in 
plenty on the continent of Europe. The wars of the Polish 
and Austrian successions involved most of the continental 
powers, and there were Irishmen in every battle. Nothing 
was heard then in Ireland, England, Europe or America of 
the distinction made by ill-instructed moderns between the 
Irish and the 'Scotch-Irish,' the latter a racial figment 
adopted since by shallow commentators of no ethnological 
standing. * * * 

"Our Protestant Irishmen at Boston who were gayly 
celebrating the day of the Saint as the Catholic Irish sol- 
diers in the armies of France and Spain were celebrating it 
in their camps, were simply demonstrating the mental re- 
siliency of the Gael. He cannot remain crushed while life 
is in him.* * * His ability to find something to smile 
at while suffering acutely is as characteristic of him to-day 
as it was two hundred years ago. * * * This saving 
humor survived the drastic days of Cromwell and stood a 
friend during the grim, hopeless century between the battle 
of the Boyne and the battle of Vinegar Hill. The Irish 
natvire was like the Irish climate, its smiles making up for 
its tears. In such a nature there is no despair. Defeat 
that leaves it life, is a downfall, not a hopeless calamity. 

"Often it has been said that with more consistent grim- 
ness of character the Irish would have achieved their aspira- 
tions ; equally it may be said that with more grimness in 
them they would have been annihilated. Time and again 
through great crises of their history they struggled man- 
fully up to a certain point ; beyond that they submitted to 
their fate, however dreary, with a smiling philosophy that 
was the puzzle of their conquerors. 'They are downtrod- 
den, but surely they are contented, for they dance in the 



119 

moonlight and sing by the cradle, and laugh and are merry 
at weddings and christenings/ said the rulers. But they 
were not contented. Their imaginations clung to the mem- 
ory of the olden times, and they were ever ready for another 
efifort when events seemed to favor it. Their natures under- 
went no change. Their songs and laughter were no 'organ- 
ized hypocrisy,' but simply the vent of ebullient, uncrush- 
able souls." 



ARCHBISHOP PLUNKETT OF DUBLIN, IRELAND. 

Some years since, the Protestant Archbishop Plunkett 
of Dublin, Ireland, in receiving a number of visitors, said : 
'T hope that while we shall always be very proud of our im- 
perial nationality, proud of our connection with the British 
empire, on the history of which, as Irishmen, we have shed 
some luster in the past, and from our connection with which 
we have derived much advantage in return, — while we are 
proud, I say, of our imperial nationality, let us never be for- 
getful of our Irish nationality. We may be descended from 
different races — the Danes, Celts, Saxons, and Scots — but 
we form a combined stratum of our own, and that is Irish, 
and nothing else." 



FROM ULSTER TO AMERICA. 

In his production (1898) on "The 'Scotch-Irish' Shib- 
boleth Analyzed and Rejected," 'Sir. Joseph Smith, of 
Lowell. Mass., already quoted, says : 

"It is certainly true that a large emigration flowed out 
of Ulster into America during the eighteenth century, even 
after the Revolution ; but the people who so emigrated were 
Irish, — plain, strong-limbed, angry, English-hating Irish, 
who came over the stormy Atlantic with a thorough detesta- 



I20 

tion of England and a hearty contempt of Scotland, and all 
the tyranny, robbery, oppression, and civil, religious, and 
political proscription Great Britain represented. 

"They and their fathers had lived in Ireland and loved 
Ireland ; and if the habits, customs, loves, hates, ideas, and 
thoughts gained in an Irish atmosphere, on Irish soil, make 
Irishmen, these people were Irish. They called themselves 
Irish ; the English on American soil called them Irish and 
banned them as Irish ; they named their settlements after 
Irish towns ; they founded societies which they called Irish ; 
they celebrated St. Patrick's Day in true Irish fashion, and 
seemed to have no fear that a day would come when a ri- 
diculous association. would call them and their children by 
any other title. Stranger yet, the men who remained be- 
hind in Ulster have yet to learn the startling information 
that they are 'Scotch-Irish.' * * * 

"The fact cannot be gainsaid that the Irish-Presbyter- 
ians, almost to a man, were against England ; but it was 
their nationality — Irish — and the sufiferings entailed on them 
in Ulster, and not their Presbyterianism, that made them 
ardent rebels. If further proof were necessary, attention 
might be called to the fact that all the Scotch settlements 
in America were ultra-loyal to the British Crown, whether 
in what is now the United States or in British America. 

5K ^ =!< 

"Let us mete out justice, fair play, and honorable treat- 
ment to the men of all nations, who have helped to 
make this greatest of the nations, and let us fearlessly and 
persistently demand them for ourselves. * * * 

"It will pay Professor Fiske to examine into the Irish 
emigration of the eighteenth century and learn, as less 
erudite people have done, that as much of this stream 
flowed from Limerick, Cork, Waterford, Dublin, and Eng- 
lish Bristol, as from Ulster ; and that Leinster and Munster 



121 

poured in fully as many Irish to Colonial America as did 
the northern province. What he is unwittingly doing is 
setting up the abhorrent dividing lines of religion and mark- 
ing off the race into 'Irish-Irish' and 'Scotch-Irish' upon the 
lines of Catholicity and Protestantism. I, as one of the 
Protestant Irish, most strenuously object; the name Irish 
was good enough for my fathers ; their son is proud to wear 
it as they did ; and we must all insist that the Irish, without 
any qualifications, all children of a common and well-loved 
motherland, shall be given their full measure of credit for 
the splendid work done by them in America." 



A CONCLUSIVE VIEW OF THE CASE. 

Mr. Henry Stoddard Ruggles, Wakefield, Mass., who 
is an American of the ninth generation, heartily condemns 
the cant term "Scotch-Irish." Writing on this subject re- 
cently, he remarks : 

"A man is the sum of his ancestors — not in the male 
line only, but through all the many female sources as well. 
The place of a man's birth, unless the law is invoked to 
amend the matter, fixes his nationality. All are of mixed 
stocks if pedigree is traced far enough back, and all of us 
descend both from kings and knaves. The more remote 
the ancestor in the number of generations, the more dilute 
is that especial strain, and the fad of searching for some 
ennobled progenitor in the distant centuries can give one 
only that which he shares in common with all the world. 

"To select a race, inhabiting a contracted section of an 
island of Europe two centuries ago, imbuing them with the 
sum of all virtues, placing them, in the characteristics that 
mark the powers of leadership and success, above all the 
world, and giving to them power to transmit their gifts 
and attributes to descendants of the third and fourth genera- 
tion — yes, and the fifth and sixth — unimpaired by inter- 



122 

marriage with other tribes ; and then to enroll oneself 
among the favored descendants, constitutes a wonderful 
bit of egotism that the rest of the world may be pardoned 
for finding a source of amusement. The vanity is harmless 
enough, certainly, but when this folly goes so far as to give 
an artificial race distinction to this people not in accord 
with its origin or the recognized and universal rule of classi- 
fication, and brand all descendants, willingly or unwillingly, 
as of this fantastic race, some of these are likely to protest. 

"I trace through the male line of my mother to Hugh 
Ross, of Belfast, Ireland, a Presbyterian Irishman, who 
emigrated near the beginning of the eighteenth century, 
settled in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and later just 
across the river, in Kittery. I am not prepared to say that 
his male ancestry did not run intQ the Highlands of Scot- 
land, for I do not know fully as to his lineage, but through 
the many other lines it is uncjuestionable that his deriva- 
tion was from different stock, probably Irish, for genera- 
tions. Even if in some earlier ancestor it shall be found 
that a Ross was of the Highland clan of the far north, it 
will be necessary only to go farther still to find the forebears 
of that clan again in Ireland. 

"My reading has convinced me that a so-called 'Scotch- 
Irishman' means simply a Protestant Irishman, whether 
from Ulster or Munster, but the preference is usually with 
the man from Ulster. He is the Simon pure article ! By 
this peculiar logic, you see, I derive from the very choicest 
strain in all creation. I am very proud of my ancestry, but 
my pride in my Ross origin is that for a good old Irish 
family, and as I have in my veins, through other lines, 
blood derived from Scotch sources, of which I justly boast, 
race prejudice can have nothing to do wdth my abhorrence 
for a name false alike to two splendid peoples." 



123 

JUDGE WAUHOPE LYNN'S COMMENT. 

Judge Wauhope Lynn, New York City, who is of 
North of Ireland Presbyterian stock, writes as follows, 
under date of Jvme 19, 1902 : 

"My Dear Sir: — Your kind letter to hand requesting 
some expression from me touching the subject of the mis- 
nomer called 'Scotch-Irish.' I presume you feel that I could 
better speak on this matter than some of my countrymen 
whose ancestry there is less doubt about. We of the County 
of Antrim, largely made up of Protestants, are presumed 
to have had our origin from something other than Irish, a 
statement often made but never proven. 

"It would be a hard problem, indeed, to attempt to 
analyze the exact derivation of any particular class in Ire- 
land, as she has been the home and refuge, in early times, 
of representatives of all the great peoples of the world. The 
recent v»ork of Mr. Charles Johnston attempts to give an 
outline of Irish history, and he finds great mystery in the 
origin of our people. Certain it is that we have no common 
affinity, either in temperament or physique, with what is 
known as the Saxon line, and while many SaxOns have 
found their way into Ireland, their assimilation with the 
Irish has been so complete that little or no trace of them is 
left, after a few generations. 

"The dominant blood in Ireland is that of the Celt, and 
while they may have a common affinity with their brothers 
in Wales, and those in the Highlands of Scotland, there is 
certainly little with what is known as the Lowland Scot or 
Saxon Scot. It is true that considerable Scotch came into 
the County of Antrim during the wars of O'Neill against 
Queen Elizabeth, but these Scotch were Highland Scotch, 
like the AlacDonalds, who came over from their native 
Highlands to assist O'Neill in his wars against England. 

"Many of this type of people remained in Antrim, and 



124 

married with the Irish Celt, and are to-day a prominent 
feature in the country. The phrase, 'Scotch-Irish,' is a pure 
invention, and I suspect sometimes it has an anti-Cathohc 
meaning, for I find that only those use it who have in mind 
a latent opposition to the Catholic Irish. Certain it is that 
this phrase is not heard of in Ireland, and is more an Ameri- 
can invention by that type living here, who are somewhat 
ashamed to have their ancestry charged with being Irish 
and prefer to cloak it under the more pleasing title, to them, 
of 'Scotch-Irish.' 

"These men would reason that because many men of 
the Protestant religion, born in Ireland, have become emi- 
nent in various walks of life, that they must have been of 
dififerent extraction than those of their Catholic brothers. 
They overlook the important fact that just as many Catholic 
Irish have reached as high a plane as their Protestant 
countrymen. This narrow view, however, has been the domi- 
nant one, persistently carried out by England in all her 
governmental affairs in Ireland, that is, to give preference 
and prominence, as well as emoluments, to Protestant Irish 
over those of the Catholic faith. 

"I resent most strongly the use of the term 'Scotch- 
Irish,' a term which is not only nonsensical, but which is 
generally used with a malicious purpose, as it aims to de- 
tract from a noble, generous people honor and credit, and 
give to Scotland merit which she herself never earned, and 
which her own people never claimed credit for. The Pres- 
byterians of the North of Ireland, of whom form an 
humble part, have at all times proclaimed themselves to be 
Irish people, and in the great struggles, by their ministers, 
men of learning, scholars and lovers of their country, have 
never refrained from doing and declaring that their hearts 
and sympathies were with, and a part of, the Irish people. 

"The United Irishmen, formed during: the rising: of 



125 

1798, were largely made up of patriotic Presbyterians, and 
those men at no time in their history were ever character- 
ized or described or admitted they were any other than a 
part of the great people they were struggling for. The 
pretence that the Ulster Plantation was made up exclusively 
of Scotch from the Lowlands is an error. A large part of 
the Ulster Planters, installed there mider King James, were 
English people, coming from in and around the city of 
London. The name, Londonderry, is the best evidence of 
this fact. 

"If the Saxon Scots had come in any great numbers to 
make up the Plantation, certain it would be we would find 
some evidence in names or nomenclatures. Whatever 
Scotch came at this particular time were chiefly of the Gael, 
and the best blood in the North of Ireland to-day, in the 
particular section from which I came, is the blending of the 
two great Gaelic families, those of the Highlands of Scot- 
land and those of the North of Ireland. The difficulty here- 
tofore with our students of Irish history has been the con- 
fusing with our national types of low-bred types which, in 
some sections, found their w'ay among our people, i)ut 
whose presence at no time ever was national. But these 
types have been the types from which criticism of Irish life 
has been formed, and on which so much has been said 
derogatory to our great national life. 

"We of the North owe nothing to Scotland, either in 
high standards, civilization, culture or religion, but, on tlie 
contrary, we have given Scotland some of her best blood, 
some of her purest patriots, some of the brightest pages of 
her history. England's policy has evei;^ been to mar the 
patriotic strivings of our race, and, whatever her tools, she 
has ever striven to blot out that bright spark of our race 
which has never submitted to her control. 

"The best writers are now agreed that not only Scot- 



126 

land, but many parts of England were populated by the 
scholarly Irish in the early centuries, but her scholars who 
wandered from their own shores to give learning and intel- 
ligence to their brothers in the establishment and founding 
of colleges and schools are now almost forgotten. British 
influences are now, as they have long been, endeavoring to 
rob the Irish people of that rich heritage which God en- 
dowed the latter with, the inheritance of character and 
honor. They have taken our lands by confiscation ; they 
have abolished the Brehon law, which was equal, if not 
superior, to the law of Justinian ; they have given us penal 
laws and coercion enactments ; they had almost destroyed 
our ancient language. Many of the valuable records pre- 
served in our country they have annihilated. They have 
drained from our famihes some of their best sons, and made 
proselyites of them, to serve as soldiers in foreign wars. 
They will credit us with nothing, whether it is a Wellington 
or Wolseley, who gave them half an empire in India ; a 
Roberts, who won for them the only victory in the Boer 
war; or a Kitchener, who concluded for them a peace 
which saved them from dishonor. They have taken our 
poets, and called them British ; our orators, and called them 
English. They have taken our sculptors, and induced them 
to change their names. They have taken the greatest 
scientist of the age, Tyndall, and absorbed him in their 
British category. 

"But, after all, why should we be angry at the short- 
comings of those who wish and prefer to misunderstand or 
misrepresent us. If they were fair critics we might hope 
to enlighten them. If they were just judges we might 
bring evidence before them to convince them of their error ; 
if they were kindly disposed towards our people we might 
point out to their better judgment the true conditions. 

"The critics of the Irish are not found in France, where 



127 

the Irish have always had a welcome and a generous recep- 
tion ; the critics of Ireland are not found in Germany, where 
her best college has established a chair for the teaching of 
the Irish language ; they are not found in Italy, where 
monuments are found dedicated to Irish worthies ; they are 
not found in Russia, for some of Ireland's best sons have 
given strength to that mighty empire ; they are not found 
in Spain, for which the Irish won so many honors ; they are 
not found in Scotland or in Wales, where the common ties 
of race make the Irish people respected. The critics of Ire- 
land are only found in perfidious Albion, and among the 
toadies and tories on this side of the water. Britain still 
pursues the same policy of attempting to annihiliate our 
race. We continue a thorn in her side. We stand as a 
living example to all the world of her perfidious treatment. 
Her days are soon to be numbered. Her course is nearly 
spent. Her greatness and glory was almost destroyed by a 
puny war, and when Ireland's sons gather under some 
strong hand in the future, it will be an easy matter to drive 
from the ancient Isle this perfidious enemy, restore again 
the beauties of the race, the purity of our men and women, 
and the lofty aspirations of the glorious Irish nation." 



A PRESBYTERIAN CLERGYMAN'S SENTIMENT. 

Rev. J. Gray Bolton, D. D., a well-known Presbyterian 
clergyman of Philadelphia, Pa., wrote, on January i6, 1897, 
in response to an invitation to be present at the institution 
of the American-Irish Historical Society: "I assure you 
that I am in hearty accord with the purpose of your organ- 
ization. The Irish race owe it to themselves and their suc- 
cessors to leave a united history of an undivided people in 
America. One of the noblest characteristics of the Irish- 
man is that he is religious ; and has enough of religion to be 
willing to fight for it. But God forbid that this should in 
any way hinder in telling the united story of our people. 



128 

"The Irish Catholic and the Irish Presbyterian have 
more than once stood together for Hberal government in 
Ireland. And the Irish Presbyterian and the Irish Catholic 
stood together here when Washington was leading the 
people from the yoke of oppressive taxation without repre- 
sentation. The Irish-American has a place and a name in 
this glorious country of ours, and as we fought for our free- 
dom and then for the Union, we will live, — and, if need be, 
fight, side by side, to maintain it." 




A GENERAL INDEX. 



Aborigines of Scotland, The, 14. 

Abbot of Hy, 30. 

Aberdeen, 9. 

Absurdity of the Statement that the 
blood of any nation is pure, — - 
" free from commingling," 13. 

Address by the American Conti- 
nental Congress to the people of 
Irelard, 50, 51, 52. 

Agricola proposes an invasion of 
Ireland, 31. 

" A kind Irish heart," Rev. John 
Murray the possessor of, 77. 

Algerine war. The, 77. 

All Irish received into brotherhood, 
III. 

American Continental Army, 68, 76. 

American Generals in the Revolu- 
tion who were of Irish birth or 
extraction, 68. 

American Governors of Irish birth 
or extraction, 69, 70. 

American Revolution, 6, 21, 43, 46, 
49, 50, 66, 67, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78. 

Ancient civilization of Ireland, The, 

Ancient Irish Art, Words in praise 

of, 32, 33, 34, 35- 

Ancient Irish Christianity, 38. 

Ancient Constitution of Irish So- 
ciety, The, 26. 

Ancient Kingdom of Connaught, 23. 

Ancient Kings of Munster, 39. 

" And this art was Irish. It was 
purely and entirely Irish," 35. 

Angus, Fort of, 39. 

Annals of Commerce, McPherson's, 

30- 
Anti-Catholic laws in the Colonies, 62. 
Antrim, Ireland, 123. 
Antrim, N. H., 6, 17, 22,25, 47,62,97. 
Antrim, N. H., Cochrane's History 

of, 6, 17, 22, 25. 
Architecture flourished in Ireland, 36. 
Argyle, 11, 17, 35, 39, 47, 63, 94. 
Argyle, Irish settlers in, 63. 



Aristotle makes reference to Ireland, 

31- 

Armagh, 16, 42. 

Arran, Isles of, 38, 39. 

" A thick mist of feudal law," 26. 

Austria, Taafe premier of, 57, 58. 

Austrian Army, Nugent commander- 
in-chief of the, 57. 

Ayrshire, 34. 

Balfe, Michael, the composer, 58, 79. 

Bancroft, 61. 

Bangor, The great monastery of, 40. 

Barry, Commodore John, 49, 72, 80. 

Belfast, Ireland, 122. 

Belfast lough, 39. 

Bigelow, Col., of the Fifteenth 
Massachusetts regiment in the 
Revolution, 76. 

Bolton, Rev. J. Gray, 127. 

Book of A'ells, The wondrous, 35. 

Boston enactments to keep the Irish 
out, 74 ; later, a compromise made, 

75- 
Boston, Mass., Irish families arrive 

in 1 7 18 at, 65. 
Boston, Mass., The Charitable Irish 

Society of, 21, 24, 25. 67, 68, 70, 

76, 77, 98, 99, "4- 

Brehon Laws, The, 25, 126. 

Brennan, Hon. James F., loi. 

Brian Boru, 30, 56, 62. 

" Britannic Albion and lerne," 31. 

British Commons Reports, 49. 

British Museum, Irish antiquities in 
the, T^^. 

British officials and soldiery, Treach- 
ery, cruelty, rapacity and cowar- 
dice of the, 51. 

Bruce, Edward, is crowned king of 
Ireland, 16. 

Buckle's History of Civilization, II. 

Bull Run, The battle of, 59. 

Burke, Edmund, 79. 

Burkes of North and South Caro- 
linas. The, 81. 

Butterfield, 6i. 



I30 



Butlers of South Carolina, The, 8i. 

Caledonia, 14. 

Caledonians, The, disappear in the 

third century, 15. 
Carey, Henry C, 18. 
Carey, Mathew, 18. 
Carlow, County, 34, 46. 
Carrickfergus, 16, 63, 98. 
Carroll, Bishop John, of Maryland, 48. 
Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, 48. 
Carrolls, The, of Maryland, 48, 59, 69. 
Carroll, Daniel, of Maryland, 48. 
Carroll, John Lee, of Maryland, 59, 

69. 
Cashel, another celebrated seat of 

learning, 16, 39, 42. 
Castle of Dublin, 92. 
Catholic and Presbyterian Irishmen, 

72. 
" Catholic and Protestant Celts 

fought on the same side," 21. 
Catholic Irish here in large numbers 

before the Revolution, 50. 
Catholics of the United States, 

Washington's reply to an address 

from the, 50. 
" Catholic priest and Presbyterian 

elder were hanged on the same 

tree," 21. 
Celts of Ireland and of the Scottish 

Highlands, 26. 
Charitable Irish Society of Boston, 

Mass., 21, 24, 25, 67, 68, 70, 76, 77, 

98,99, 114. 
Chili, O'Higgins, the liberator of, 58. 
Civil War, The, 46, 80. 
Clan Cian, The, of Ormond, 6. 
Clan Colla, The, 95. 
Clan O'Carroll, The, 63. 
Clan Rooney, The, 6. 
Clinton, DeWitt, 70. 
Clinton, Gen. James, of New York, 

48, 68. 
Clinton, George, 68, 69. 
Clontarf, Battle of, 30, 37, 62. 
Clyde, Banks of the, 47. 
Coast of Britain, under the Roman 

power, continually raided by the 

Scots of Ireland, 14. 
Cochrane, Gen. John, 6. 
Cochrane's History of Antrim, N. 

H., 6, 17, 22, 25. 



Cochrane, Probable origin of the 
name, 6. 

Cockran, Hon. W. Bourke, 6. 

Coleraine, The old county of, 65. 

Collas, The Three, 95. 

Collins' History of Kentucky, 78. 

Colonial military rolls. New Hamp- 
shire, 44. 

Colonial records of Massachusetts, 

US- 
Columbia, 41, 47. 
Connaught, 16, 23, 47, 95. 
Connolly, Maj., in command at Fort 

Duquesne, 74. 
Continental Army, The American, 

68, 76. 
Continental Congress, The American, 

49, 50. 

Continental Congress, The, presents 
an address to the Irish people, 49, 

50, 51. 52. 
Conradus, 9. 
Corcoran, Gen., 57, 
Cork, 41, 48, 79, 80, 120. 
Croghan, Col. George, 74. 
Crof/ncellmn Settlement, Prender- 

gast's, 18. 
Crown Point, 45. 

Crimmins, Hon. John D., 117, 118. 
Cyclopean fortresses, Irish, 39. 
Daily Sun, Lawrence, Mass., 23. 
Dalriada, The kingdom of, founded 

by Scots from Ireland, 14. 
" Darly Field, an Irish soldier," 44. 
" Dark and bloody ground," The, 79. 
Dartmouth College, 42. 
Davies, Sir John, criticises Agricola's 

boast, 32. 
Declaration of Independence, 48, 69, 

71- 
De Roo, 61. 
Derry Columbkille, 66. 
Derry, 16, 42, 66. 

Derry, St. Columbkille founds, 40. 
Derry, The city of, Ireland, 66. 
Desies, 6. 

Diarmaid, Donoch and Tiege Oge, 23. 
Diodorus Siculus mentions Ireland, 

31- 
Dobbs' History of Irish Trade, 21. 
Donegal, Ireland, 39. 
Dongan,Governor,of New York, 47, 69. 



131 



Douglasses, The, regard St. Bridget 

as their tutelary Saint, 7. 
Drummond, Dr. W. H., 99. 
Dublin, 42, 62, 79, 92, 120. 
Dublin, N. H.,62. 
Dun Angus, 39. 
Dundalk, 16. 
Dundee, 23, 47. 
Dundonald, 23. 
Dun-Eidan, 23. 
Dungiven, 23. 
Dunluce, 23. 
Dunmore, 23. 
Early Celebrations of St. Patrick's 

Day in America, 117. 
East, West and South of Ireland 
names borne by many early settlers 
of New Hampshire, 24, 61, 62. 
Edinburgh, 23. 

Egan, Dr. Hugh,of Ipswich, Mass.,76. 
Emerald Isle, The, 44. 
Emmet, Thomas Addis, 43, 44, 72. 
Emperor Severus builds the great 
Roman wall to keep out the Irish 
Scots and the Picts, 14. 
England, The invasion of, 13. 
English legislation destroys Irish 

industries, 19. 
English settlers. Hostility of, to the 

people of Londonderry, N. H., 8. 
" Exportation of cattle and manu- 
factured goods from Ireland was 
forbidden," 19. 
Falmouth, Me., Irish people arrive 

at, 65. 
Farley, Gen. Michael, of Ipswich, 

Mass., 76. 
Firth of Forth, 12. 
Field, Darby, " an Irish soldier," 44. 
Fitzgerald, Col. John, Washington's 

favorite aide, 74. 
Foley, the sculptor, 58, 80. 
Fort Duquesne, Maj. Connolly in 

command at, 74. 
Fortified stations in Kentucky bear- 
ing Irish names, 78. 
Fort of Angus, 39. 
French governor of Canada, Rev. 

Mr. McGregor writes to the, 8. 
French Protestants settle in Ireland, 

19. 
French Republic, The, 58. 



Friendly Sons of St. Patrick (New 

York), 115. 
Friendly Sons of St. Patrick (Phila- 
delphia), 49, 50, 67, 70, 71, 115. 
" From Ireland the Scots took their 
traditions, manners, religion, laws, 
customs, language, and name," 14. 
"From Ireland to Argyle," 17. 
Gael, The ever faithful, 55. 
Gaelic language, 9, 10, 16, 17, 47. 
Galloway, Early Irish settle in, 63. 
Galloway, Joseph, Testimony of, 49. 
Galway bay, 38. 

Garnett, Richard, on th'e Irish lan- 
guage, 9, 10. 
" General Richard Montgomery, 
Thomas Addis Emmet and Dr. 
Macnevin," 44. 
Georgia Irish, The, 73. 
Gettysbury, 49, 56. 
Getty s, James, after whom Gettys- 
bury is named, 56. 
Germania, 23. 
German Palatines settle in Ireland, 

46. 
Gilmore, P. S., the great band- 
master, 80. 
Gildas, 14. 
Glasgow, 42. 
Glendochart, 9. 
Goldsmith of " The Deserted 

Village," 79. 
Granite state. The, 55. 
Grattan, 79. 
Great centres of learning founded by 

professors of religion, 42. 
Green, Samuel Swett, 117. 
Griffin, Martin I. J., 104, 105. 
Guilds, The London, 65. 
" Half of the rebel army were from 

Ireland," 49. 
Hand, Gen., 21, 68. 
Harvard College, 75. 
Hercules, Pillars of, 31. 
Hibernia, 20, 47. 

Hibernian Society, The, of Phila- 
delphia, 68, 69. 
Highland Clan MacAlpin, The, 63. 
Highland sennachies. The, 10. 
History of Institutions, Sir Henry 

Maine's, 25. 
History of Irish Trade, Dobbs', 21. 



132 



History of the Presbyterian Church in 
Ireland, Reid's, 64, 83, 93. 

Home rule, Irish, 58. 

Hostility of English settlers to the 
Londonderry, N. H. people, 8. 

Hozv the Irish came as Builders of the 
Nation, 61. 

lerne, 31. 

lernis, 31. 

Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 71. 

Industrial art schools of Philadelphia, 

34- 
Intermarriages among the different 

elements in Ulster, 24, 83, 84. 
lona, 15, 27, 30, 37, 38, 40. 
Ireland, A bright fire of intellect in, 

35- 
Ireland, American address to the 

people of, 5c, 51, 52. 
" Ireland and Scotland, the mother 

and daughter," 1 1. 
Ireland described by Ptolemy, 31. 
Ireland, Edward Bruce is crowned 

king of, 16. 
Ireland, French Protestants settle 

in, 19. 
Ireland, German Palatines settle 

in, 46. 
Ireland known to the Greeks as 

Ivernia and lerne, 31. 
Ireland known to the Romans as 

Hibernia, 31. 
Ireland, Mention of, in ancient 

times, 31. 
Ireland, Orpheus speaks of, as lernis, 

31- 
Ireland never conquered by the 

Romans, 32. 
Ireland, Pliny and Aristotle refer 

to, 31. 
" Ireland— Protestant Ireland" sinks 

under oppressive British laws, 19. 
Ireland's literary influence on the 

Scottish Highlands, 10. 
Ireland, The ancient civilization of 

31.32. 
Ireland, The Phoenicians and, 31. 
" Ireland, — the proper and ancient 

Scotland," 12. 
"Ireland, the true Scotia of his- 
tory," 6. 
Irish Academy, The Royal, t,2>^ 34. 



Irish actors. Distinguished, 59. 

Irish and Scotch allies defeat the 
English in several pitched battles, 
16. 

Irish and Scottish prefixes, 22, 23. 

Irish arrivals at Philadelphia, Pa., in 
1729, over 5000, 21. 

Irish arrivals in 17 18 in New Eng- 
land, 65. 

Irish art. Words in praise of ancient, 

32, 33) 34) 35- 
Irish brigade of France, 29. 
Irish Catholics exiled to the West 

Indies and to New England, 19. 
" Irish cattle, Irish wool, and Irish 

woolens," 19. 
" Irish chiefs and clans," 23. 
Irish Christianity, Ancient, 38. 
Irish Cyclopean fortresses, 39. 
Irish immigration to these shores 

began long before the so-called 

" Scotch-Irish " movement, 61. 
Irish explorers, Reputed voyages of, 

to America in Pre-Columbian 

times, 61. 
Irish families arrive at Boston, 

Mass., in 17 18, 65. 
Irish gold antiquities in the British 

Museum, 33. 
Irish go to serve under Montrose, 

83- 
Irish Home Rule, The noble band 

fighting for, 58. 
Irish House of Commons, The, 67. 
Irish House of Lords, The, 67. 
Irish immigrants go to Falmouth, 

Me., A party of, 65. 
Irish industries destroyed by English 

legislation, 19. 
Irish in New Hampshire long before 

the settlement of Londonderry, 44. 
Irish in the Union Army, A host 

of, 56. 
Irish in Virginia, Early, 73. 
Irish language, The, 10, 38. 
Irish literature, 38. 
Irishmen, Some eminent, 58. 
Irish missionaries of the sixth 

century, 12. 
Irish monks of Lindisfarne, The, 54. 
Irish names borne by counties in 

Kentucky, 78. 



133 



Irish natives to whom land was set 
apart in Ulster at the time of the 
Plantation, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 
90,91,92,93. 

Irishmore, Island of, 38, 39. 

" Island of Saints," The, 42. 

" Irishry of Scotland," The, 7. 

Irish of the mixed race, 63. 

Irish origin of the Scots, 7. 

Irish Pedigrees. O'Hart's, 23, 62, 95. 

Irish people. The American Conti- 
nental Congress presents an ad- 
dress to the, 50, 51, 52. 

Irish pioneers in Kentucky, 78, 79. 

Irish pioneers of Methodism in Am- 
erica, 29. 

Irish Presbyterians bitterly oppress- 
ed by England, 20. 

Irish Revolution of 1798, Presby- 
terians nobly identify themselves 
with the patriot cause during the, 
20. 

Irish Presbyterians, Fines and Pun- 
ishments inflicted without mercy 
upon the, 83, 116, 117. 

Irish Presbyterian ministers execu- 
ted as rebels to English law, 20. 

Irish Presbyterians obliged to take 
the "Black oath," 83. 

Irish Presbyterians, Thousands of, 
emigrate to America, 20. 

Irish sennachies and bards, 10. 

Irish Scots pour down on the Ro- 
mans, 14. 

" Irish Settlement," The, in Georgia, 

73- 
Irish settlers go to Worcester, Mass., 

65- 

Irish settlers in Argyle, 63. 

Irish settlers in Galloway, 63. 

Irish settlers in Georgia, 73. 

Irish soldiers, priests and laymen 
exiled, 20. 

Irish spinners and weavers land in 
Boston, 114. 

Irish sympathy for the American 
Revolution, 50. 

Irish, The, "A people so ancient and 
once so illustrious," 38. 

Irish, The, in the American Revolu- 
tion, 49. 

Ivernia, 31. 



" Irish valor brightened many dark 

hours," 59. 
Isles of Arran, 38, 39. 
Jackson, President Andrew, visits 

Boston and is greeted by the 

Charitable Irish Society, 68. 
Jefferson, Thomas, 71, 72, 77. 
Justinian, The law of, 126. 
Kavanagh, Governor, of Maine, 48, 

69. 
Kearney, Gen., 57. 
Kenneth McAlpin, 12, 14. 
Kentucky counties bearing Irish 

names, 78. 
Kentucky, Irish pioneers in, 78, 79. 
Kerry, County, 46. 
Killaloe, Bishop of, 67. 
Kilpatrick, Gen., 57. 
Know-Nothirg campaign. The, 71. 
Knox — Four of the name in the Irish 

Parliament {1797), 67. 
Knox, Gen. Henry, 67, 68. 
Lafayette, 61. 

Lecky on " European Morals," 25. 
Lee, Gen., 49. 
Leinster, 40, 79, 80. 
Leland, Charles G., on ancient Irish 

art, 34. 
Lennox and Mar, The Great Stewards 

of, with their forces from Scotland 

assist the Irish at the Battle of 

Clontarf, 62. 
Lia Fail, The, 12. 
Limerick, Ireland, 18, 46, 47, 48, 53, 

55.97- 

Limerick, Me., 120. 

Limerick, The surrender of, 18. 

Limerick, The treaty of, 97. 

Lindisfarne, The Irish monks of, 54. 

Loch Erne, 9. 

London Companies or Guilds, 65. 

Londonderry, Ireland, Facts concern- 
ing, 65, 66. 

Londonderry, N. H., settlers, 8, 24, 

65, 113- 

" Londoners' Plantation," The, 65. 

London Spectator, The, on the " Puri- 
tan Irish," 66, 67. 

Logan, James, of Pennsylvania, 69. 

Longman'' s Magazine, Article in, on 
ancient Irish art, 34, 35. 

Louisburgh, The taking of, 44. 



134 



Lowlands, Composite character of 
the people of the, 90, 109. 

Lynch, Col. Chas., a Virginia field 
ofificer in the Revolution, 74. 

Lynches of South Carolina, The, 81. 

MacAlpin, The clan, 63. 

MacCarthy, Cormac, King of Mun- 
ster, 39. 

MacCorcorans, The, 6. 

MacDermot pedigree, The, 23. 

Maclise, Daniel, 79, 58. 

MacMahon, Marshal and President 
of France, 58. 

MacMorris — Son of Morris, /. e. Mor- 
rison, 23. 

MacMorrisons, The, 47. 

MacMurrough, Dermot, 30. 

MacMurroughs of Leinster, 23. 

Macnevin, Dr., 43, 44. 

MacSparran, Rev. James, an Irish 
Protestant clergyman of Rhode 
Island, 66. 

Maine, Governor Kavanagh of, 48, 
69. 

Maine, Sir Henry, 25, 26, 27, 52, 55. 

Maine, The O'Briens of, 48. 

Manuscripts of St. Gall, 42. 

Marianus Scotus, 9. 

Maroney, William, appointed provost 
marshal at Boston by Washing- 
ton, 76. 

" Maryland Line," The, 48. 

Maryland, The CarroUs of, 48, 59, 
69. 

Marysons and Murroughsons, 23. 

Masonic lodge in New Hampshire 
named St. Patrick's, 24, 67. 

Massachusetts, Colonial records of, 

113- 

Massachusetts, Governor James Sul- 
livan of, 48, 69. 

Massachusetts, Names borne by 
some early Irish settlers in, 75. 

"Massacre" of 1641. The so-called, 
17, 18. 

Mayflower, The, 6, 56. 

Mayo, County, 23. 

McAlpin, Kenneth, 12, 14. 

McCarthy, Capt. William, of the 
American Revolution, 76. 

McCarthy family of Boston, Mass., 
The, 75. 



McCarthy, Rev. Thaddeus, a gradu- 
ate of Harvard College, 75. 

" McCuUum, MacCallum, MacCul- 
lum — more," 41. 

McGregor, Rev. Mr., 8, 62. 

McGregor, Rev. Mr., " bore not a 
lowland name," 62. 

McKean, Thomas, a signer of The 
Declaration of Independence, and 
first president of the Hibernian 
Society of Philadelphia, 69. 

McNeil, Gen. John, becomes a mem- 
ber of the Boston Charitable Irish 
Society, 68. 

McPherson's Attitals of Commerce, 30. 

Meade, George, grandfather of the 
hero of Gettysburg, 49. 

Meagher, Gen., 57, 80. 

Meath, 95. 

Melrose Abbey, 23. 

Methodist Church South, The, 29. 

Methodism in America, Irish pio- 
neers of, 29. 

Monks of St. Gall, The, 42. 

Monks (j/Z/^tf W''^j-/,Montelambert's, 43. 

Montgomery, Gen. Richard, 43, 44, 
48, 68. 

Montrose, Irish serve under, 83. 

Monuments in New York to three 
distinguished Irishmen, 43. 

Morrison, Mr., of Windham, N. H., 
5,22, 23, 25, 55. 

Morrisons, The Irish, 23. 

Moylan, Gen. Stephen, 21, 49, 81. 

Moylurg, Princes of, 23. 

Muckross Abbey, 23. 

Munster, The ancient kings of, 39. 

Munster, The Irish province of, 6, 
79. 80. 

Murray, Thomas Hamilton, 23, 84, 

93. 94, Ill- 
Murray, Rev. John, mentioned as 

having " A kind Irish heart," 77. 
Murroughsons and Marysons, 23. 
New England, Irish arrivals in 17 18 

in, 65. 
New England, Irish Catholics exiled 

to, 19. 
New Hampshire, An Irish soldier 
explores the White Mountains, 44. 
New Hampshire, An early repre- 
sentative of the Emerald Isle in, 44. 



135 



New Hampshire, An early school- 
master of Concord, 47. 

New Hampshire before the Revolu- 
tion, 46. 

New Hampshire, Capt. Henry Park- 
inson of Canterbury, 47. 

New Hampshire colonial military 
rolls, 44. 

New Hampshire, Early Irish in, 

44, 45- 
New Hampshire, Hostility of Eng- 
lish settlers toward the people of 

Londonderry, 8. 
New Hampshire, Humphrey Sullivan 

a school teacher in, 76. 
New Hampshire, Irish names borne 

by members of Capt. Gilman's 

company in 1710, 44. 
New Hampshire, Irish names on the 

Revolutionary rolls of, 66, 67. 
New Hampshire, Irish in, long 

before the settlement of London- 
derry, 44. 
New Hampshire, Many early settlers 

of, bore East, West and South of 

Ireland names, 24, 61, 62. 
New Hampshire, Maurice Lynch, 

town clerk of Antrim, 47. 
New Hampshire, Provincial papers 

of, 44, 66. 
New Hampshire, Provincial records 

of, 66. 
New Hampshire regiments in the 

Civil War, 46. 
New Hampshire, Rev. James Mac- 

Sparran of Rhode Island refers to 

" that town called London-Derry, 

all Irish," 66. 
New Hampshire, Revolutionary rolls 

of, 76. 
New Hampshire, The founders of 

Londonderry, Antrim, Dublin, 

etc., 62. 
New Hampshire, The settlers of 

Londonderry, 8, 24, 27, 28, 61, 62, 

66, 67. 
New Hampshire, Typical Irish 

names in, as early as 1641-1660, 44. 
New York, Gen. James Clinton of, 

48, 68. 
New York City, Monuments to 

three distinguished Irishmen in,43. 



New York City, St. Paul's Episcopal 

Church, 43. 
" Newer Scotia," The, 26. 
Niobe of nations. The, 37. 
Norman architecture, 36. 
North Aviericait Review, The, 49, 56. 
" North of the Forth and the Clyde," 

7- 
Nugent, commander-in-chief of the 

Austrian army, 57. 
O'Bannon, Capt. John, an officer in 

the American Revolution, 74. 
O'Brien, Capt. John, of the Revolu- 
tion, 76. 
O'Brien, Earl of Inchiquin, 30, 80. 
O'Brien, Maurice, from Cork, 48. 
O'Briens of Maine, The, 48, 77. 
O'Brien, Richard, diplomatic agent 

to Algiers, 77. 
O'Brien of Thomond, 16. 
O'Carroll, The Clan, 63. 
O'Connell, Daniel, 58, 79. 
O'Conor, Charles, the distinguished. 

lawyer. 59. 
O'Connor, king of Connaught, 16. 
O'Corcorans, The, 6. 
O'Corcrain, anglicized O'Corcoran, 

Corcoran, Coghrane, Cockran, 

etc., 6. 
" O'Donnell ruling the destinies of 

Spain," 58. 
O'Dowd pedigree. The, 23. 
O'Gorman, Hon. Richard, 59. 
O'Hara, Theodore, the Kentucky 

soldier poet, 56. 
O'Hart's Irish Pedigrees, 23, 62, 95. 
O'Higgins, the liberator of Chili, 58. 
O'Morrisons of Donegal, The, 23. 
O'Muirios and MacMuirios, 23. 
O'Neal, Gov. Edward, of Alabama,69. 
" O'Neill and other great Irish lords 

of the north," 16. 
" Old French war,'" The, 43, 76. 
Ormond and Desies, 6. 
Oxford, University of, 39, 42. 
Palace of the Munster Kings, 39. 
Palaeog-raphia,Th.e, of Westwood, 36. 
Palatinate, German Protestants of 

the, 46. 
Parnell, Charles S.. 58. 
Parsons, Hon. William, on the bat- 
tle of Clontarf, 37. 



136 



Patrick a favorite name among the 

Scottish Highlanders, 7. 
Pedigree, The MacDermot, 23. 
Pedigree, The O'Dowd, 23. 
Pedigrees, O'Hart's Irish, 23, 62, 95. 
People of the north of Ireland not 

superior to those of the other Irish 

provinces, 80. 
Perthshire, 9. 
Peterborough, N. H., loi; 
Philadelphia, Pa., Andrew Jackson a 

member of the Hibernian Society 

of, 68. 
Philadelphia, Friendly Sons of St. 

Patrick of, 49, 50, 67, 70, 71, 115. 
Philadelphia, Pa., over 5000 Irish 

arrive at, in 1729, 21. 
Phoenicians, The, and Ireland, 31. 
Pictavia, 12. 
Picts, The, disappear from the pages 

of history, 14. 
Picts, The Irish or Scotti in col- 
lision with the, II, 12, 14. 
Picts, The southern and northern, 12. 
Pillars of Hercules, 31. 
Pinkerton's Lives of Scottish Saints, 

12. 
Plantation of Ulster, 63, 64, 65, 84, 

93,94,96, 119, 125. 
Plantation, The Londoners', 65. 
Pliny refers to Ireland, 31. 
Plunkett, Archbishop, 119. 
Presbyterian Irish left Ireland, not 

because of the Irish Catholics, but 

because they could not live under 

the English government in Ireland, 

21, 22. 
Prendergast's Cromwellian Settle»ient, 

18. 
Princes of Moylurg, 23. 
Ptolemy describes Ireland, 31. 
Pulaski, 61. 
" Puritan Irish," The, of the London 

Spectator, 66, 67. 
Putnam, Eben, 112. 
Quintilian, 42. 

Religion no test of race, no. 
Repeal of the law forbidding inter- 
marriages in Ulster, 83. 
Revolution, The American, 6, 21, 43, 

46, 49. 66, 67, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78. 
Rice, Allen Thorndike, 56, 57. 



Robertson, Gen., Testimony of, 49. 

Roche de Fermoy, 68. 

Roche, James Jeffrey, no. 

Rock of Cashel, The, 39, 

Romans, Ireland never conquered by 
the, 32. 

Romans, Irish Scots pour down on 
the, 14. 

Romans, Withdrawal of the, 11. 

Rooney, The clan, 6. 

Ross, Hugh, of Belfast, Ireland, 122. 

Rowan, 80. 

Royal Irish Academy, 33, 34. 

Rutledge, Edward, of South Caro- 
lina, 48. 

Ruggles, Henry Stoddard, 121. 

Saxons of Britain, The, 40. 

Saxon raid on the coast of Ireland, 

15- 
Scotia Major, 9, 15, 62. 
Scotia Minor, 9, 15, 62. 
Scots, A force of, lands near Carrick- 

fergus A. D. 131 5, and assists the 

Irish, 16. 
Scotland, Forces from, assist the Irish 

at the battle of Clontarf, 62. 
Scotland, St. Bridget held in great 

reverence in, 7, 17. 
Scone, The stone of, 12. 
Scotland, The aboriginies of, 14. 
Scotland, The Irishry of, 7. 
Scots and Picts, warfare between the, 

14. 
Scots from Ireland raid the coasts 

of Britain, 14. 
Scots go to Ireland to assist O'Neill, 

123. 
Scots of Caledonia, The, 40. 
Scots of Ireland established colonies 

at various points, 14. 
" Scottish Gaelic is Irish stripped of 

a few inflections," 10. 
" Scottish scholars and ecclesiastics 

from Ireland not only flooded 

pagan England but spread all over 

Europe," 15. 
Scottish surnames of Irish origin, 

62, 63. 
" Scotch Irish " a term of contempt 

in Pennsylvania, 105. 
" Scotch-Irish" Shibboleth Analyzed 

a7id Rejected, The, 107, 119. 



137 



" Scotch-Irish " theory, The, based 
on four propositions all false and, 
theiefore, worthless, 84. 

Smith, Joseph, 107, 119. 

Senachus Mor, The, or the great 
Book of Laws, 27. 

Senate of the United States, Men of 
Irish blood in the, 59. 

Severus, Emperor, 14. 

Sheridan, Gen., 57, 59, 80. 

Shields, Gen. James, 57, 70. 

Shute, Governor, 8. 

Skene, W. F., on the Gaelic langu- 
age, 10. 

Sligo, County, 23. 

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 

-3- 
South Carolina, Edward Rutledge 

of, 48. 
Spain, O'Donnell ruling the destines 

of, 58. 
Stark and Starke, The name in 

Ireland, 46. 
Stark's Rangers demand an extra 

ration of grog to celebrate St. 

Patrick's Day, 67, 113. 
Steuben, 61. 
Stevens', Rev. Dr. Abel, Alemoiials 

of the introduction of Methodism 

in the Eastern States, 29. 
Stone of Destiny, The, 12. 
Stone of Scone, The, 12. 
Story of the Irish in Boston, CuUen's, 

98, 99. 
Strathfillian, 9. 

St. Adamnanus, Abbot of lona, 30. 
St. Benedict, 54. 
St. Bridget held in great reverence 

in Scotland, 7, 17. 
St. Columba, 12, 27, 30, 40, 41, 54. 
St. Columbanus, 54. 
St. Columbkille, 12, 15, 30, 39, 40, 

43, 66. 
" St. Congall, St. Ciaran and St. 

Cainnech," 40. 
St. Donalus, or Donough, 8. 
St. Fillian the Leper and St. Fillian 

the Abbot, 9. 
St. Finbar, Abbey founded in 

Cork by, 41. 
St. Kenanach's Church, 39. 
St. Ninnian, 12. 



St. Patrick's Lodge of Masons in 
New Hampshire, 24, 67, 113. 

St. Paul's Episcopal Church (New 
York City), 43. 

Sullivan, Governor James, of Mass- 
achusetts, 48, 69, 73. 

" Such well-known north of Ireland 
names as O'Neill, McMahon and 
O'Donnell," 24. 

Sullivan, Gen. John, 24, 68, 73. 

Sullivan, Hon. William, 48. 

Supplementary Facts and Comment, 

83- 
Taafe, premier of Austria, 57, 58. 

Tacitus refers to a proposed invasion 
of Ireland under the direction of 
Agricola, 31, 32. 

Talbot, Gov. Thomas, of Massachu- 
setts, 69. 

Taylor, Bayard, 22. 

Templemore, Ireland, 66. 

"That town called London-Derry, all 
Irish," 66. 

The Bivouac of the Dead, 56. 

" The great British nation was once 
more saved," 19. 

The Irish Morrisons, Eminent in 
ancie7it MedicBval and Modern times. 
A glance at the origin of the Clan 
name, together with reference to the 
Family''s patrimony in the ancient 
kingdom of Connaught, 23. 

" The wonderful influence which 
Ireland exerted in art," 36. 

" They left Ireland with the most 
intense hatred of England," 21. 

" They (the Irish) were the true 
Scots of history," 22. 

Thomond, 16. 

Thompson, Robert Ellis, in. 

Thornton, Matthew, 48. 

" Three thousand males left Ulster 
yearly for the colonies," 21. 

Tiobrad, 23. 

Tiomain Muirios, 23. 

Tipperary, County, 6, 46. 

Treaty of Limerick, 97. 

Trinity College (Dublin), 18. 

" Troopers of Cromwell and of 
William," The, 19. 

" Two kindred peoples," 15. 



138 



Ulster, Plantation of, 63, 64, 65, 84, 
93,94,96, 119, 125. 

United Irishmen, The, 21, 124. 

United States Senate, Men of Irish 
blood in the, 70. 

Unjust taxes by the British govern- 
ment, 50. 

Valley Forge, Starving patriots at, 
49. 

Venerable Eede, 9, 40. 

Vikings, The, " the scourge of 
religion and morality," 38. 

Virginia, Early Irish in, 73. 

Walsh, Michael, an Irish school- 
master in Massachusetts, 76. 



Washington, Gen., accepts member- 
shijD in the Friendly Sons of St 
Patrick, Philadelphia, 49, 50. 

Washington to the Catholics of the 
United States, 50. 

Waterford, County, 6, 8, 120. 

Wayne, Anthony, 68. 

Welsh language and literature, 38. 

Westmeath, 9. 

Wexford, County, 72. 

William, the Conqueror, 13. 

Windham, N. H., 5, 22. 

Worcester, Mass., Early Irish set- 
tlers at, 65. 

Yorktown, 46. 



ERRATA. — On page 6, twenty-first line, for were read where; page 7, third line, for 
Chamber's read Chambers'; pages 11, 17, for Argylshire read Argyllshire; page 21, for Dun- 
barton (Dumbarton) read Dunbar. 



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